ThreadLocal的官方API解释为:
* This class provides thread-local variables. These variables differ from
* their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
* {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
* copy of the variable. {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
* static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
* a user ID or Transaction ID).
这个类提供线程局部变量。这些变量与正常的变量不同,每个线程访问一个(通过它的get或set方法)都有它自己的、独立初始化的变量副本。ThreadLocal实例通常是类中的私有静态字段,希望将状态与线程关联(例如,用户ID或事务ID)。
1、当使用ThreadLocal维护变量时,ThreadLocal为每个使用该变量的线程提供独立的变量副本,
所以每一个线程都可以独立地改变自己的副本,而不会影响其它线程所对应的副本
2、使用ThreadLocal通常是定义为 private static ,更好是 private final static
3、Synchronized用于线程间的数据共享,而ThreadLocal则用于线程间的数据隔离
4、ThreadLocal类封装了getMap()、Set()、Get()、Remove()4个核心方法
从表面上来看ThreadLocal内部是封闭了一个Map数组,来实现对象的线程封闭,map的key就是当前的线程id,value就是我们要存储的对象。
实际上是ThreadLocal的静态内部类ThreadLocalMap为每个Thread都维护了一个数组table,hreadLocal确定了一个数组下标,而这个下标就是value存储的对应位置,继承自弱引用,用来保存ThreadLocal和Value之间的对应关系,之所以用弱引用,是为了解决线程与ThreadLocal之间的强绑定关系,会导致如果线程没有被回收,则GC便一直无法回收这部分内容。
//set方法
public void set(T value) {
//获取当前线程
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
//实际存储的数据结构类型
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
//判断map是否为空,如果有就set当前对象,没有创建一个ThreadLocalMap
//并且将其中的值放入创建对象中
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
//get方法
public T get() {
//获取当前线程
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
//实际存储的数据结构类型
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
//传入了当前线程的ID,到底层Map Entry里面去取
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
//remove方法
public void remove() {
ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
if (m != null)
m.remove(this);//调用ThreadLocalMap删除变量
}
//ThreadLocalMap中getEntry方法
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
//getMap()方法
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
//Thread中维护了一个ThreadLocalMap
return t.threadLocals;
}
//setInitialValue方法
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
//createMap()方法
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
//实例化一个新的ThreadLocalMap,并赋值给线程的成员变量threadLocals
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
从上面源码中我们看到不管是 set() get() remove() 他们都是操作ThreadLocalMap这个静态内部类的,每一个新的线程Thread都会实例化一个ThreadLocalMap并赋值给成员变量threadLocals,使用时若已经存在threadLocals则直接使用已经存在的对象
ThreadLocal.get()
ThreadLocal.set()
ThreadLocal.remove()
ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的一个内部类
static class ThreadLocalMap {
/**
* 自定义一个Entry类,并继承自弱引用
* 同时让ThreadLocal和储值形成key-value的关系
* 之所以用弱引用,是为了解决线程与ThreadLocal之间的强绑定关系
* 会导致如果线程没有被回收,则GC便一直无法回收这部分内容
*
*/
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
/**
* Entry数组的初始化大小(初始化长度16,后续每次都是2倍扩容)
*/
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* 根据需要调整大小
* 长度必须是2的N次幂
*/
private Entry[] table;
/**
* The number of entries in the table.
* table中的个数
*/
private int size = 0;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize.
* 下一个要调整大小的大小值(扩容的阈值)
*/
private int threshold; // Default to 0
/**
* Set the resize threshold to maintain at worst a 2/3 load factor.
* 根据长度计算扩容阈值
* 保持一定的负债系数
*/
private void setThreshold(int len) {
threshold = len * 2 / 3;
}
/**
* Increment i modulo len
* nextIndex:从字面意思我们可以看出来就是获取下一个索引
* 获取下一个索引,超出长度则返回
*/
private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0);
}
/**
* Decrement i modulo len.
* 返回上一个索引,如果-1为负数,返回长度-1的索引
*/
private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1);
}
/**
* ThreadLocalMap构造方法
* ThreadLocalMaps是延迟构造的,因此只有在至少要放置一个节点时才创建一个
*/
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
//内部成员数组,INITIAL_CAPACITY值为16的常量
table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
//通过threadLocalHashCode(HashCode) & (长度-1)的位运算,确定键值对的位置
//位运算,结果与取模相同,计算出需要存放的位置
int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
// 创建一个新节点保存在table当中
table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
//设置table元素为1
size = 1;
//根据长度计算扩容阈值
setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* 构造一个包含所有可继承ThreadLocals的新映射,只能createInheritedMap调用
* ThreadLocal本身是线程隔离的,一般来说是不会出现数据共享和传递的行为
*/
private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;
int len = parentTable.length;
setThreshold(len);
table = new Entry[len];
for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
Entry e = parentTable[j];
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();
if (key != null) {
Object value = key.childValue(e.value);
Entry c = new Entry(key, value);
int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
while (table[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
table[h] = c;
size++;
}
}
}
}
/**
* ThreadLocalMap中getEntry方法
*/
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
//通过hashcode确定下标
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
//如果找到则直接返回
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
// 找不到的话接着从i位置开始向后遍历,基于线性探测法,是有可能在i之后的位置找到的
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
/**
* ThreadLocalMap的set方法
*/
private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
//新开一个引用指向table
Entry[] tab = table;
//获取table长度
int len = tab.length;
////获取索引值,threadLocalHashCode进行一个位运算(取模)得到索引i
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
/**
* 遍历tab如果已经存在(key)则更新值(value)
* 如果该key已经被回收失效,则替换该失效的key
**/
//
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
//如果 k 为null,则替换当前失效的k所在Entry节点
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
//如果上面没有遍历成功则创建新值
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
// table内元素size自增
int sz = ++size;
//满足条件数组扩容x2
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
/**
* remove方法
* 将ThreadLocal对象对应的Entry节点从table当中删除
*/
private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
if (e.get() == key) {
e.clear();//将引用设置null,方便GC回收
expungeStaleEntry(i);//从i的位置开始连续段清理工作
return;
}
}
}
/**
* ThreadLocalMap中replaceStaleEntry方法
*/
private void replaceStaleEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value,
int staleSlot) {
// 新建一个引用指向table
Entry[] tab = table;
//获取table的长度
int len = tab.length;
Entry e;
// 记录当前失效的节点下标
int slotToExpunge = staleSlot;
/**
* 通过prevIndex(staleSlot, len)可以看出,由staleSlot下标向前扫描
* 查找并记录最前位置value为null的下标
*/
for (int i = prevIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = prevIndex(i, len))
if (e.get() == null)
slotToExpunge = i;
// nextIndex(staleSlot, len)可以看出,这个是向后扫描
// occurs first
for (int i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
// 获取Entry节点对应的ThreadLocal对象
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
//如果和新的key相等的话,就直接赋值给value,替换i和staleSlot的下标
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
tab[i] = tab[staleSlot];
tab[staleSlot] = e;
// 如果之前的元素存在,则开始调用cleanSomeSlots清理
if (slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
slotToExpunge = i;
/**
*在调用cleanSomeSlots() 清理之前,会调用
*expungeStaleEntry()从slotToExpunge到table下标所在为
*null的连续段进行一次清理,返回值就是table为null的下标
*然后以该下标 len进行一次启发式清理
* 最终里面的方法实际上还是调用了expungeStaleEntry
* 可以看出expungeStaleEntry方法是ThreadLocal核心的清理函数
*/
cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
return;
}
// If we didn't find stale entry on backward scan, the
// first stale entry seen while scanning for key is the
// first still present in the run.
if (k == null && slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
slotToExpunge = i;
}
// 如果在table中没有找到这个key,则直接在当前位置new Entry(key, value)
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = new Entry(key, value);
// 如果有其他过时的节点正在运行,会将它们进行清除,slotToExpunge会被重新赋值
if (slotToExpunge != staleSlot)
cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
}
/**
* expungeStaleEntry() 启发式地清理被回收的Entry
* 有两个地方调用到这个方法
* 1、set方法,在判断是否需要resize之前,会清理并rehash一遍
* 2、替换失效的节点时候,也会进行一次清理
*/
private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) {
boolean removed = false;
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
do {
i = nextIndex(i, len);
Entry e = tab[i];
//判断如果Entry对象不为空
if (e != null && e.get() == null) {
n = len;
removed = true;
//调用该方法进行回收,
//对 i 开始到table所在下标为null的范围内进行一次清理和rehash
i = expungeStaleEntry(i);
}
} while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0);
return removed;
}
private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
// expunge entry at staleSlot
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = null;
size--;
// Rehash until we encounter null
Entry e;
int i;
for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == null) {
e.value = null;
tab[i] = null;
size--;
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
if (h != i) {
tab[i] = null;
while (tab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
tab[h] = e;
}
}
}
return i;
}
/**
* Re-pack and/or re-size the table. First scan the entire
* table removing stale entries. If this doesn't sufficiently
* shrink the size of the table, double the table size.
*/
private void rehash() {
expungeStaleEntries();
// Use lower threshold for doubling to avoid hysteresis
if (size >= threshold - threshold / 4)
resize();
}
/**
* 对table进行扩容,因为要保证table的长度是2的幂,所以扩容就扩大2倍
*/
private void resize() {
//获取旧table的长度
Entry[] oldTab = table;
int oldLen = oldTab.length;
int newLen = oldLen * 2;
//创建一个长度为旧长度2倍的Entry数组
Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];
//记录插入的有效Entry节点数
int count = 0;
/**
* 从下标0开始,逐个向后遍历插入到新的table当中
* 通过hashcode & len - 1计算下标,如果该位置已经有Entry数组,则通过线性探测向后探测插入
*/
for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) {
Entry e = oldTab[j];
if (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == null) {//如遇到key已经为null,则value设置null,方便GC回收
e.value = null; // Help the GC
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);
while (newTab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, newLen);
newTab[h] = e;
count++;
}
}
}
// 重新设置扩容的阈值
setThreshold(newLen);
// 更新size
size = count;
// 指向新的Entry数组
table = newTab;
}
}
ThreadLocalMap.set()
ThreadLocalMap.expungeStaleEntry()
ThreadLocalMap.remove()
目录结构:
在这里插入图片描述HttpFilter.java
package com.lyy.threadlocal.config;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import java.io.IOException;
@Slf4j
public class HttpFilter implements Filter {
//初始化需要做的事情
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
}
//核心操作在这个里面
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest)servletRequest;
// request.getSession().getAttribute("user");
System.out.println("do filter:"+Thread.currentThread().getId()+":"+request.getServletPath());
RequestHolder.add(Thread.currentThread().getId());
//让这个请求完,,同时做下一步处理
filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest,servletResponse);
}
//不再使用的时候做的事情
@Override
public void destroy() {
}
}
HttpInterceptor.java
package com.lyy.threadlocal.config;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.HandlerInterceptorAdapter;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class HttpInterceptor extends HandlerInterceptorAdapter {
//接口处理之前
@Override
public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
System.out.println("preHandle:");
return true;
}
//接口处理之后
@Override
public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
RequestHolder.remove();
System.out.println("afterCompletion");
return;
}
}
RequestHolder.java
package com.lyy.threadlocal.config;
public class RequestHolder {
private final static ThreadLocal<Long> requestHolder = new ThreadLocal<>();//
//提供方法传递数据
public static void add(Long id){
requestHolder.set(id);
}
public static Long getId(){
//传入了当前线程的ID,到底层Map里面去取
return requestHolder.get();
}
//移除变量信息,否则会造成逸出,导致内容永远不会释放掉
public static void remove(){
requestHolder.remove();
}
}
ThreadLocalController.java
package com.lyy.threadlocal.controller;
import com.lyy.threadlocal.config.RequestHolder;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/thredLocal")
public class ThreadLocalController {
@RequestMapping("test")
@ResponseBody
public Long test(){
return RequestHolder.getId();
}
}
ThreadlocalDemoApplication.java
package com.lyy.threadlocal;
import com.lyy.threadlocal.config.HttpFilter;
import com.lyy.threadlocal.config.HttpInterceptor;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.FilterRegistrationBean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.InterceptorRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurerAdapter;
@SpringBootApplication
public class ThreadlocalDemoApplication extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ThreadlocalDemoApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
public FilterRegistrationBean httpFilter(){
FilterRegistrationBean registrationBean = new FilterRegistrationBean();
registrationBean.setFilter(new HttpFilter());
registrationBean.addUrlPatterns("/thredLocal/*");
return registrationBean;
}
@Override
public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
registry.addInterceptor(new HttpInterceptor()).addPathPatterns("/**");
}
}
输入:http://localhost:8080/thredLocal/test
后台打印:
do filter:35:/thredLocal/test preHandle:
afterCompletion
1、ThreadLocal是通过每个线程单独一份存储空间,每个ThreadLocal只能保存一个变量副本。 2、相比于Synchronized,ThreadLocal具有线程隔离的效果,只有在线程内才能获取到对应的值,线程外则不能访问到想要的值,很好的实现了线程封闭。 3、每次使用完ThreadLocal,都调用它的remove()方法,清除数据,避免内存泄漏的风险 4、通过上面的源码分析,我们也可以看到大神在写代码的时候会考虑到整体实现的方方面面,一些逻辑上的处理是真严谨的,我们在看源代码的时候不能只是做了解,也要看到别人实现功能后面的目的。
源码地址:https://github.com/839022478/other/tree/master/threadlocal_demo
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