Spring 中的重试机制,简单、实用!

295次阅读  |  发布于3年以前

概要

Spring实现了一套重试机制,功能简单实用。Spring Retry是从Spring Batch独立出来的一个功能,已经广泛应用于Spring Batch,Spring Integration, Spring for Apache Hadoop等Spring项目。

本文将讲述如何使用Spring Retry及其实现原理。

背景

重试,其实我们其实很多时候都需要的,为了保证容错性,可用性,一致性等。一般用来应对外部系统的一些不可预料的返回、异常等,特别是网络延迟,中断等情况。还有在现在流行的微服务治理框架中,通常都有自己的重试与超时配置,比如dubbo可以设置retries=1,timeout=500调用失败只重试1次,超过500ms调用仍未返回则调用失败。

如果我们要做重试,要为特定的某个操作做重试功能,则要硬编码,大概逻辑基本都是写个循环,根据返回或异常,计数失败次数,然后设定退出条件。这样做,且不说每个操作都要写这种类似的代码,而且重试逻辑和业务逻辑混在一起,给维护和扩展带来了麻烦。

从面向对象的角度来看,我们应该把重试的代码独立出来。

使用介绍

基本使用

先举个例子:

@Configuration
@EnableRetry
public class Application {

    @Bean
    public RetryService retryService(){
        return new RetryService();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext("springretry");
        RetryService service1 = applicationContext.getBean("service", RetryService.class);
        service1.service();
    }
}

@Service("service")
public class RetryService {

    @Retryable(value = IllegalAccessException.class, maxAttempts = 5,
            backoff= @Backoff(value = 1500, maxDelay = 100000, multiplier = 1.2))
    public void service() throws IllegalAccessException {
        System.out.println("service method...");
        throw new IllegalAccessException("manual exception");
    }

    @Recover
    public void recover(IllegalAccessException e){
        System.out.println("service retry after Recover => " + e.getMessage());
    }

}

@EnableRetry - 表示开启重试机制

@Retryable - 表示这个方法需要重试,它有很丰富的参数,可以满足你对重试的需求

@Backoff - 表示重试中的退避策略

@Recover - 兜底方法,即多次重试后还是失败就会执行这个方法

Spring-Retry 的功能丰富在于其重试策略和退避策略,还有兜底,监听器等操作。

然后每个注解里面的参数,都是很简单的,大家看一下就知道是什么意思,怎么用了,我就不多讲了。关注公众号Java技术栈,在后台回复:spring,可以获取我整理的 Spring 系列教程,非常齐全。

重试策略

看一下Spring Retry自带的一些重试策略,主要是用来判断当方法调用异常时是否需要重试。(下文原理部分会深入分析实现)

….等等

退避策略

看一下退避策略,退避是指怎么去做下一次的重试,在这里其实就是等待多长时间。(下文原理部分会深入分析实现)

原理

原理部分我想分开两部分来讲,一是重试机制的切入点,即它是如何使得你的代码实现重试功能的;二是重试机制的详细,包括重试的逻辑以及重试策略和退避策略的实现。另外,关注公众号Java技术栈,在后台回复:面试,可以获取我整理的 Spring 系列面试题和答案,非常齐全。

切入点

@EnableRetry

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = false)
@Import(RetryConfiguration.class)
@Documented
public @interface EnableRetry {

 /**
  * Indicate whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created as opposed
  * to standard Java interface-based proxies. The default is {@code false}.
  *
  * @return whether to proxy or not to proxy the class
  */
 boolean proxyTargetClass() default false;

}

我们可以看到@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = false)这个并不陌生,就是打开Spring AOP功能。

重点看看@Import(RetryConfiguration.class)@Import相当于注册这个Bean

我们看看这个RetryConfiguration是个什么东西:

它是一个AbstractPointcutAdvisor,它有一个pointcut和一个advice。我们知道,在IOC过程中会根据PointcutAdvisor类来对Bean进行Pointcut的过滤,然后生成对应的AOP代理类,用advice来加强处理。

看看RetryConfiguration的初始化:

@PostConstruct
public void init() {
    Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> retryableAnnotationTypes = new LinkedHashSet<Class<? extends Annotation>>(1);
    retryableAnnotationTypes.add(Retryable.class);
    //创建pointcut
    this.pointcut = buildPointcut(retryableAnnotationTypes);
    //创建advice
    this.advice = buildAdvice();
    if (this.advice instanceof BeanFactoryAware) {
        ((BeanFactoryAware) this.advice).setBeanFactory(beanFactory);
    }
}
protected Pointcut buildPointcut(Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> retryAnnotationTypes) {
    ComposablePointcut result = null;
    for (Class<? extends Annotation> retryAnnotationType : retryAnnotationTypes) {
        Pointcut filter = new AnnotationClassOrMethodPointcut(retryAnnotationType);
        if (result == null) {
            result = new ComposablePointcut(filter);
        }
        else {
            result.union(filter);
        }
    }
    return result;
}

上面代码用到了AnnotationClassOrMethodPointcut,其实它最终还是用到了AnnotationMethodMatcher来根据注解进行切入点的过滤。这里就是@Retryable注解了。

//创建advice对象,即拦截器
protected Advice buildAdvice() {
    //下面关注这个对象
 AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor interceptor = new AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor();
 if (retryContextCache != null) {
  interceptor.setRetryContextCache(retryContextCache);
 }
 if (retryListeners != null) {
  interceptor.setListeners(retryListeners);
 }
 if (methodArgumentsKeyGenerator != null) {
  interceptor.setKeyGenerator(methodArgumentsKeyGenerator);
 }
 if (newMethodArgumentsIdentifier != null) {
  interceptor.setNewItemIdentifier(newMethodArgumentsIdentifier);
 }
 if (sleeper != null) {
  interceptor.setSleeper(sleeper);
 }
 return interceptor;
}

AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor

继承关系

可以看出AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor是一个MethodInterceptor,在创建AOP代理过程中如果目标方法符合pointcut的规则,它就会加到interceptor列表中,然后做增强,我们看看invoke方法做了什么增强。

@Override
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
    MethodInterceptor delegate = getDelegate(invocation.getThis(), invocation.getMethod());
    if (delegate != null) {
        return delegate.invoke(invocation);
    }
    else {
        return invocation.proceed();
    }
}

这里用到了委托,主要是需要根据配置委托给具体“有状态”的interceptor还是“无状态”的interceptor。

private MethodInterceptor getDelegate(Object target, Method method) {
    if (!this.delegates.containsKey(target) || !this.delegates.get(target).containsKey(method)) {
        synchronized (this.delegates) {
            if (!this.delegates.containsKey(target)) {
                this.delegates.put(target, new HashMap<Method, MethodInterceptor>());
            }
            Map<Method, MethodInterceptor> delegatesForTarget = this.delegates.get(target);
            if (!delegatesForTarget.containsKey(method)) {
                Retryable retryable = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method, Retryable.class);
                if (retryable == null) {
                    retryable = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method.getDeclaringClass(), Retryable.class);
                }
                if (retryable == null) {
                    retryable = findAnnotationOnTarget(target, method);
                }
                if (retryable == null) {
                    return delegatesForTarget.put(method, null);
                }
                MethodInterceptor delegate;
                //支持自定义MethodInterceptor,而且优先级最高
                if (StringUtils.hasText(retryable.interceptor())) {
                    delegate = this.beanFactory.getBean(retryable.interceptor(), MethodInterceptor.class);
                }
                else if (retryable.stateful()) {
                    //得到“有状态”的interceptor
                    delegate = getStatefulInterceptor(target, method, retryable);
                }
                else {
                    //得到“无状态”的interceptor
                    delegate = getStatelessInterceptor(target, method, retryable);
                }
                delegatesForTarget.put(method, delegate);
            }
        }
    }
    return this.delegates.get(target).get(method);
}

getStatefulInterceptor和getStatelessInterceptor都是差不多,我们先看看比较简单的getStatelessInterceptor。

private MethodInterceptor getStatelessInterceptor(Object target, Method method, Retryable retryable) {
    //生成一个RetryTemplate
    RetryTemplate template = createTemplate(retryable.listeners());
    //生成retryPolicy
    template.setRetryPolicy(getRetryPolicy(retryable));
    //生成backoffPolicy
    template.setBackOffPolicy(getBackoffPolicy(retryable.backoff()));
    return RetryInterceptorBuilder.stateless()
            .retryOperations(template)
            .label(retryable.label())
            .recoverer(getRecoverer(target, method))
            .build();
}

具体生成retryPolicy和backoffPolicy的规则,我们等下再回头来看。

RetryInterceptorBuilder其实就是为了生成RetryOperationsInterceptor。RetryOperationsInterceptor也是一个MethodInterceptor,我们来看看它的invoke方法。

分享资料:Spring Boot 学习笔记太全了!

public Object invoke(final MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {

    String name;
    if (StringUtils.hasText(label)) {
        name = label;
    } else {
        name = invocation.getMethod().toGenericString();
    }
    final String label = name;

    //定义了一个RetryCallback,其实看它的doWithRetry方法,调用了invocation的proceed()方法,是不是有点眼熟,这就是AOP的拦截链调用,如果没有拦截链,那就是对原来方法的调用。
    RetryCallback<Object, Throwable> retryCallback = new RetryCallback<Object, Throwable>() {

        public Object doWithRetry(RetryContext context) throws Exception {

            context.setAttribute(RetryContext.NAME, label);

            /*
             * If we don't copy the invocation carefully it won't keep a reference to
             * the other interceptors in the chain. We don't have a choice here but to
             * specialise to ReflectiveMethodInvocation (but how often would another
             * implementation come along?).
             */
            if (invocation instanceof ProxyMethodInvocation) {
                try {
                    return ((ProxyMethodInvocation) invocation).invocableClone().proceed();
                }
                catch (Exception e) {
                    throw e;
                }
                catch (Error e) {
                    throw e;
                }
                catch (Throwable e) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException(e);
                }
            }
            else {
                throw new IllegalStateException(
                        "MethodInvocation of the wrong type detected - this should not happen with Spring AOP, " +
                                "so please raise an issue if you see this exception");
            }
        }

    };

    if (recoverer != null) {
        ItemRecovererCallback recoveryCallback = new ItemRecovererCallback(
                invocation.getArguments(), recoverer);
        return this.retryOperations.execute(retryCallback, recoveryCallback);
    }
    //最终还是进入到retryOperations的execute方法,这个retryOperations就是在之前的builder set进来的RetryTemplate。
    return this.retryOperations.execute(retryCallback);

}

无论是RetryOperationsInterceptor还是StatefulRetryOperationsInterceptor,最终的拦截处理逻辑还是调用到RetryTemplate的execute方法,从名字也看出来,RetryTemplate作为一个模板类,里面包含了重试统一逻辑。

不过,我看这个RetryTemplate并不是很“模板”,因为它没有很多可以扩展的地方。推荐阅读:最新 Spring 系列教程

重试逻辑及策略实现

上面介绍了Spring Retry利用了AOP代理使重试机制对业务代码进行“入侵”。下面我们继续看看重试的逻辑做了什么。RetryTemplate的doExecute方法。

protected <T, E extends Throwable> T doExecute(RetryCallback<T, E> retryCallback,
   RecoveryCallback<T> recoveryCallback, RetryState state)
   throws E, ExhaustedRetryException {

    RetryPolicy retryPolicy = this.retryPolicy;
    BackOffPolicy backOffPolicy = this.backOffPolicy;

    //新建一个RetryContext来保存本轮重试的上下文
    RetryContext context = open(retryPolicy, state);
    if (this.logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
        this.logger.trace("RetryContext retrieved: " + context);
    }

    // Make sure the context is available globally for clients who need
    // it...
    RetrySynchronizationManager.register(context);

    Throwable lastException = null;

    boolean exhausted = false;
    try {

        //如果有注册RetryListener,则会调用它的open方法,给调用者一个通知。
        boolean running = doOpenInterceptors(retryCallback, context);

        if (!running) {
            throw new TerminatedRetryException(
                    "Retry terminated abnormally by interceptor before first attempt");
        }

        // Get or Start the backoff context...
        BackOffContext backOffContext = null;
        Object resource = context.getAttribute("backOffContext");

        if (resource instanceof BackOffContext) {
            backOffContext = (BackOffContext) resource;
        }

        if (backOffContext == null) {
            backOffContext = backOffPolicy.start(context);
            if (backOffContext != null) {
                context.setAttribute("backOffContext", backOffContext);
            }
        }

        //判断能否重试,就是调用RetryPolicy的canRetry方法来判断。
        //这个循环会直到原方法不抛出异常,或不需要再重试
        while (canRetry(retryPolicy, context) && !context.isExhaustedOnly()) {

            try {
                if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    this.logger.debug("Retry: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
                }
                //清除上次记录的异常
                lastException = null;
                //doWithRetry方法,一般来说就是原方法
                return retryCallback.doWithRetry(context);
            }
            catch (Throwable e) {
                //原方法抛出了异常
                lastException = e;

                try {
                    //记录异常信息
                    registerThrowable(retryPolicy, state, context, e);
                }
                catch (Exception ex) {
                    throw new TerminatedRetryException("Could not register throwable",
                            ex);
                }
                finally {
                    //调用RetryListener的onError方法
                    doOnErrorInterceptors(retryCallback, context, e);
                }
                //再次判断能否重试
                if (canRetry(retryPolicy, context) && !context.isExhaustedOnly()) {
                    try {
                        //如果可以重试则走退避策略
                        backOffPolicy.backOff(backOffContext);
                    }
                    catch (BackOffInterruptedException ex) {
                        lastException = e;
                        // back off was prevented by another thread - fail the retry
                        if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                            this.logger
                                    .debug("Abort retry because interrupted: count="
                                            + context.getRetryCount());
                        }
                        throw ex;
                    }
                }

                if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    this.logger.debug(
                            "Checking for rethrow: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
                }

                if (shouldRethrow(retryPolicy, context, state)) {
                    if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        this.logger.debug("Rethrow in retry for policy: count="
                                + context.getRetryCount());
                    }
                    throw RetryTemplate.<E>wrapIfNecessary(e);
                }

            }

            /*
             * A stateful attempt that can retry may rethrow the exception before now,
             * but if we get this far in a stateful retry there's a reason for it,
             * like a circuit breaker or a rollback classifier.
             */
            if (state != null && context.hasAttribute(GLOBAL_STATE)) {
                break;
            }
        }

        if (state == null && this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            this.logger.debug(
                    "Retry failed last attempt: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
        }

        exhausted = true;
        //重试结束后如果有兜底Recovery方法则执行,否则抛异常
        return handleRetryExhausted(recoveryCallback, context, state);

    }
    catch (Throwable e) {
        throw RetryTemplate.<E>wrapIfNecessary(e);
    }
    finally {
        //处理一些关闭逻辑
        close(retryPolicy, context, state, lastException == null || exhausted);
        //调用RetryListener的close方法
        doCloseInterceptors(retryCallback, context, lastException);
        RetrySynchronizationManager.clear();
    }

}

主要核心重试逻辑就是上面的代码了,看上去还是挺简单的。

在上面,我们漏掉了RetryPolicy的canRetry方法和BackOffPolicy的backOff方法,以及这两个Policy是怎么来的。我们回头看看getStatelessInterceptor方法中的getRetryPolicygetRetryPolicy方法。

private RetryPolicy getRetryPolicy(Annotation retryable) {
    Map<String, Object> attrs = AnnotationUtils.getAnnotationAttributes(retryable);
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Class<? extends Throwable>[] includes = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("value");
    String exceptionExpression = (String) attrs.get("exceptionExpression");
    boolean hasExpression = StringUtils.hasText(exceptionExpression);
    if (includes.length == 0) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Class<? extends Throwable>[] value = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("include");
        includes = value;
    }
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Class<? extends Throwable>[] excludes = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("exclude");
    Integer maxAttempts = (Integer) attrs.get("maxAttempts");
    String maxAttemptsExpression = (String) attrs.get("maxAttemptsExpression");
    if (StringUtils.hasText(maxAttemptsExpression)) {
        maxAttempts = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(maxAttemptsExpression), PARSER_CONTEXT)
                .getValue(this.evaluationContext, Integer.class);
    }
    if (includes.length == 0 && excludes.length == 0) {
        SimpleRetryPolicy simple = hasExpression ? new ExpressionRetryPolicy(resolve(exceptionExpression))
                                                        .withBeanFactory(this.beanFactory)
                                                 : new SimpleRetryPolicy();
        simple.setMaxAttempts(maxAttempts);
        return simple;
    }
    Map<Class<? extends Throwable>, Boolean> policyMap = new HashMap<Class<? extends Throwable>, Boolean>();
    for (Class<? extends Throwable> type : includes) {
        policyMap.put(type, true);
    }
    for (Class<? extends Throwable> type : excludes) {
        policyMap.put(type, false);
    }
    boolean retryNotExcluded = includes.length == 0;
    if (hasExpression) {
        return new ExpressionRetryPolicy(maxAttempts, policyMap, true, exceptionExpression, retryNotExcluded)
                .withBeanFactory(this.beanFactory);
    }
    else {
        return new SimpleRetryPolicy(maxAttempts, policyMap, true, retryNotExcluded);
    }
}

嗯~,代码不难,这里简单做一下总结好了。就是通过@Retryable注解中的参数,来判断具体使用文章开头说到的哪个重试策略,是SimpleRetryPolicy还是ExpressionRetryPolicy等。

private BackOffPolicy getBackoffPolicy(Backoff backoff) {
    long min = backoff.delay() == 0 ? backoff.value() : backoff.delay();
    if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.delayExpression())) {
        min = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.delayExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
                .getValue(this.evaluationContext, Long.class);
    }
    long max = backoff.maxDelay();
    if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.maxDelayExpression())) {
        max = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.maxDelayExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
                .getValue(this.evaluationContext, Long.class);
    }
    double multiplier = backoff.multiplier();
    if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.multiplierExpression())) {
        multiplier = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.multiplierExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
                .getValue(this.evaluationContext, Double.class);
    }
    if (multiplier > 0) {
        ExponentialBackOffPolicy policy = new ExponentialBackOffPolicy();
        if (backoff.random()) {
            policy = new ExponentialRandomBackOffPolicy();
        }
        policy.setInitialInterval(min);
        policy.setMultiplier(multiplier);
        policy.setMaxInterval(max > min ? max : ExponentialBackOffPolicy.DEFAULT_MAX_INTERVAL);
        if (this.sleeper != null) {
            policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
        }
        return policy;
    }
    if (max > min) {
        UniformRandomBackOffPolicy policy = new UniformRandomBackOffPolicy();
        policy.setMinBackOffPeriod(min);
        policy.setMaxBackOffPeriod(max);
        if (this.sleeper != null) {
            policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
        }
        return policy;
    }
    FixedBackOffPolicy policy = new FixedBackOffPolicy();
    policy.setBackOffPeriod(min);
    if (this.sleeper != null) {
        policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
    }
    return policy;
}

嗯~,一样的味道。就是通过@Backoff注解中的参数,来判断具体使用文章开头说到的哪个退避策略,是FixedBackOffPolicy还是UniformRandomBackOffPolicy等。

那么每个RetryPolicy都会重写canRetry方法,然后在RetryTemplate判断是否需要重试。我们看看SimpleRetryPolicy的

@Override
public boolean canRetry(RetryContext context) {
    Throwable t = context.getLastThrowable();
    //判断抛出的异常是否符合重试的异常
    //还有,是否超过了重试的次数
    return (t == null || retryForException(t)) && context.getRetryCount() < maxAttempts;
}

同样,我们看看FixedBackOffPolicy的退避方法。

protected void doBackOff() throws BackOffInterruptedException {
    try {
        //就是sleep固定的时间
        sleeper.sleep(backOffPeriod);
    }
    catch (InterruptedException e) {
        throw new BackOffInterruptedException("Thread interrupted while sleeping", e);
    }
}

至此,重试的主要原理以及逻辑大概就是这样了。

RetryContext

我觉得有必要说说RetryContext,先看看它的继承关系。

可以看出对每一个策略都有对应的Context。

在Spring Retry里,其实每一个策略都是单例来的。我刚开始直觉是对每一个需要重试的方法都会new一个策略,这样重试策略之间才不会产生冲突,但是一想就知道这样就可能多出了很多策略对象出来,增加了使用者的负担,这不是一个好的设计。

Spring Retry采用了一个更加轻量级的做法,就是针对每一个需要重试的方法只new一个上下文Context对象,然后在重试时,把这个Context传到策略里,策略再根据这个Context做重试,而且Spring Retry还对这个Context做了cache。这样就相当于对重试的上下文做了优化。

总结

Spring Retry通过AOP机制来实现对业务代码的重试”入侵“,RetryTemplate中包含了核心的重试逻辑,还提供了丰富的重试策略和退避策略。

参考资料:

http://www.10tiao.com/html/164/201705/2652898434/1.html https://www.jianshu.com/p/58e753ca0151 https://paper.tuisec.win/detail/90bd660fad92183

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