深入浅出 RxJS 核心原理(源码实现)

140次阅读  |  发布于3年以前

基础概念

核心模块和基本原理

下面通过实现一个简易的rxjs来解析下核心原理

Observable

概念:可观察对象,一个可调用的未来值或事件的集合

基本用法

// 创建observable

let observable = new Observable(function publish(observer) {

  observer.next("hello");

  var id = setTimeout(() => {

    observer.next("world");

    observer.complete();

  }, 1000);

});

// 订阅observable

observable.subscribe({

  next: (value) => console.log(value),

  error: (err) => console.log(err),

  complete: () => console.log("done"),

});

// 输出:hello->world->done

实现原理

根据基本用法,Observable可以执行同步或异步任务,并向observer推送数据,要实现核心功能,只需要如下两个步骤:

  1. 创建:作为发布者,observable需要设置一个可执行的publish方法,其入参是observer对象,该方法在构造实例的时候传入,在执行该方法的时候就可以调用observer对象的回调方法进行传值;
  2. 订阅:publish方法执行的时机是在observable被subscribe的时候,因此observable是惰性推送值,且对于每个观察者来说是独立执行的;
class Observable {

  constructor(publishFn) {

    this.publish = publishFn;

  }

  subscribe(observer) {

    this.publish(observer);

    return observer;

  }

}

静态构造方法实现

  1. 为了方便创建一些既定publish任务的Observable实例,Observable类提供了一些静态构造方法,常用方法包括of/from/fromEvent/interval等;
// 每隔200ms推送由0开始递增的number

const observable = Observable.interval(200);

observable.subscribe(value => console.log(value));

// 输出:0->1->2->....



// 监听document的click事件,推送事件回调的event对象

const observable = Observable.fromEvent(document, "click");

observable.subscribe(event => console.log(event));

// 输出:MouseEvent {isTrusted: true, screenX: 435, screenY: 386, clientX: 435, clientY: 275, …}

2 . 实现原理:通过调用构造函数返回一个既定publish方法的observable实例;

Observable.fromEvent = function (target, eventName) {

  return new Observable(function (observer) {

    const handler = function (e) {

      observer.next(e);

    };

    target.addEventListener(eventName, handler);

    return () => {

      target.removeEventListener(eventName, handler);

    };

  });

};



Observable.interval = function (delay) {

  return new Observable(function (observer) {

    let index = 0;

    const id = window.setInterval(() => {

      observer.next(index++);

    }, delay);

    return () => {

      clearInterval(id);

    };

  });

};

Observer

概念:观察者, 一个回调函数的集合,它知道如何去监听由 Observable 提供的值

实现原理

  1. 作为观察者,需要包含next/error/complete回调方法,用于监听成功/失败/完成返回的值,最简单的observer就是包含回调方法的object
  2. 为了维护observer的订阅状态,我们可以封装一个observer类,isStopped属性代表当前是否停止订阅,传入回调方法,并对外提供封装过的回调;
  3. Observer类对外提供unsubscribe方法,用于解除订阅;调用该方法后isStopped为true,数据推送停止,并执行unsubscribe的回调函数unsubscribeCb,该回调函数由对外方法onUnsubscribe传入;
class Observer {

  isStopped = false;

  unsubscribeCb;

  constructor(next, error, complete) {

    this._next = next || noop;

    this._error = error || noop;

    this._complete = complete || noop;

  }

  next(value) {

    if (!this.isStopped) {

      this._next(value);

    }

  }

  error(err) {

    if (!this.isStopped) {

      this._error(err);

      this.unsubscribe();

    }

  }

  complete() {

    if (!this.isStopped) {

      this._complete();

      this.unsubscribe();

    }

  }

  onUnsubscribe(unsubscribeCb) {

    this.unsubscribeCb = unsubscribeCb;

  }

  unsubscribe() {

    this.isStopped = true;

    this.unsubscribeCb && this.unsubscribeCb();

  }

}

根据封装的Observer类,可以进一步优化Observable类的实现

  1. 改造subscribe方法,支持传入observer对象或回调函数
  2. 将publish方法返回的清理函数传递给observer的onUnsubscribe方法
class Observable {

  constructor(publishFn) {

    this.publish = publishFn;

  }

 subscribe(observerOrNext, error, complete) {

    // 封装observer

    let observer;

    if (

      observerOrNext instanceof Observer ||

      observerOrNext instanceof Subject

    ) {

      observer = observerOrNext;

    } else if (typeof observerOrNext === "function") {

      observer = new Observer(observerOrNext, error, complete);

    } else {

      observer = new Observer(

        observerOrNext.next,

        observerOrNext.error,

        observerOrNext.complete

      );

    }

    // 传递unsubscribe回调清理函数

      const unsubscribeCb = this.publish(observer);

      observer.onUnsubscribe(unsubscribeCb);

      return observer;

    }

  }

}

// 示例

let observable = new Observable(function publish(observer) {

  var id = setTimeout(() => {

    observer.next("helloworld");

    observer.complete();

  }, 1000);

  return () => {

    console.log("clear");

    clearInterval(id);

  };

});



const observer = observable.subscribe(value => console.log(value));

setTimeout(() => observer.unsubscribe(), 2000);

// 输出:helloworld->done->clear

Subject

概念:相当于 EventEmitter,并且是将值或事件多路推送给多个 Observer 的唯一方式

上面说到Observable对于每个观察者都会执行一遍publish方法,订阅的数据是独立的,因此它是单播的;subject可以作为observable和observer的中介,通过订阅observable的数据然后分发给observer实现多播

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// 每隔200ms推送从0开始递增的num,取前6个推送

const observable = Observable.interval(200).pipe(take(6));

const observerA = new Observer((x) => console.log(`A next ${x}`)),

const observerB = new Observer((x) => console.log(`B next ${x}`)),



// observable单播模式,500ms后observerB订阅,重新执行一遍publish

 observable.subscribe(observerA);

 setTimeout(() => {

   observable.subscribe(observerB);

 }, 500);

// 输出:A next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5

//      B next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5





// subject 多播模式,500ms后observerB开始接收subject分发的数据,错过了前2个数据

const subject = new Subject();

observable.subscribe(subject);

subject.subscribe(observerA);

setTimeout(() => {

  subject.subscribe(observerB);

}, 500);

// 输出:A next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5

//      B next 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5

实现原理

  1. Subject继承自Observable,同时又实现了Observer的回调方法(next/complete/error)
  2. Subject类维护一个subscribers数组,当Subject被observer订阅时,会执行publish方法将observer push到subscribers数组中;
  3. Subject订阅Observable后,Observable向Subject推送数据,Subject再分发给数组中每个observer
class Subject extends Observable {

  subscribers = [];

  isStopped = false;

  publish(observer) {

    if (this.isStopped) {

      observer.complete();

    }

    // 添加订阅item

    this.subscribers.push(observer);

  }

  next(value) {

    if (this.isStopped) return;

    // 分发数据

    this.subscribers.forEach((observer) => {

      observer.next(value);

    });

  }

  error(error) {

    this.subscribers.forEach((observer) => {

      observer.error(error);

    });

    this.isStopped = true;

    this.subscribers = [];

  }

  complete() {

    this.subscribers.forEach((observer) => {

      observer.complete();

    });

    this.isStopped = true;

    this.subscribers = [];

  }

}

BehaviorSubject

继承Subject,维护当前最新值lastValue,observer订阅时立即传递最新值,防止订阅过晚引起的状态丢失;

 // 示例

const observable = Observable.interval(200).pipe(take(6));

const observerA = new Observer((x) => console.log(`A next ${x}`)),

const observerB = new Observer((x) => console.log(`B next ${x}`)),

// 500ms后observerB开始接收subject分发的数据,能获取到最新数据1

const subject = new BehaviorSubject();

observable.subscribe(subject);

subject.subscribe(observerA);

setTimeout(() => {

  subject.subscribe(observerB); 

}, 500);

// 输出:A next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5

//      B next 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5
class BehaviorSubject extends Subject {

  lastValue;

  constructor(value) {

    super();

    this.lastValue = value;

  }

  publish(observer) {

    if (!observer.isStopped) {

      // 被订阅时立即推送最新值

      observer.next(this.lastValue);

    }

    super.publish(observer);

  }

  next(value) {

    this.lastValue = value;

    super.next(value);

  }

}

ReplaySubject

和BehaviorSubject类似,根据bufferSize和windowSize,缓存某个时间段内多个最新值;若windowSize缺省,则最多缓存bufferSize个最近值;若windowSize存在,则缓存最近的windowSize时间窗口内的不超过bufferSize个值;

const observable = Observable.interval(200).pipe(take(6));

const observerA = new Observer((x) => console.log(`A next ${x}`)),

const observerB = new Observer((x) => console.log(`B next ${x}`)),

// 500ms后observerB开始接收subject分发的数据,能获取到最新的3个缓存值

const subject = new ReplaySubject(3);

observable.subscribe(subject);

subject.subscribe(observerA);

setTimeout(() => {

  subject.subscribe(observerB); 

}, 500);

// 输出:A next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5

//      B next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5



// 500ms后observerB开始接收subject分发的数据,能获取到最新的200ms内的缓存值

const subject = new ReplaySubject(100, 200);

observable.subscribe(subject);

subject.subscribe(observerA);

setTimeout(() => {

  subject.subscribe(observerB); 

}, 500);

// 输出:A next 0 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5

//      B next 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5
class ReplaySubject extends Subject {

  bufferSize = 1;

  windowSize;

  events = []; // 缓存数组,格式为[[time, value], ....]

  constructor(bufferSize, windowSize) {

    super();

    this.bufferSize = Math.max(1, bufferSize);

    this.windowSize = windowSize || 0;

  }

  // 计算缓存数组

  getEvents() {

    let spliceIndex = 0;

    let len = this.events.length;

    if (this.windowSize > 0) {

      let beginTime = Date.now() - this.windowSize;

      while (spliceIndex < len && this.events[spliceIndex][0] <= beginTime) {

        spliceIndex++;

      }

    }

    spliceIndex = Math.max(spliceIndex, len - this.bufferSize);

    spliceIndex > 0 && this.events.splice(0, spliceIndex);

  }

  publish(observer) {

    this.getEvents();

    // 被订阅后立即推送当前所有缓存值

    this.events.forEach((event) => {

      !observer.isStopped && observer.next(event[1]);

    });

    super.publish(observer);

  }

  next(value) {

    // 缓存推送值和时间戳

    this.events.push([Date.now(), value]);

    // 更新缓存数组

    this.getEvents();

    super.next(value);

  }

}

AsyncSubject

只有在事件完成时,才会广播最终的值

const observable = Observable.interval(200).pipe(take(6));

const observerA = new Observer((x) => console.log(`A next ${x}`)),

const observerB = new Observer((x) => console.log(`B next ${x}`)),

// observerA和observerB 接收最终数据5

const subject = new AsyncSubject();

observable.subscribe(subject);

subject.subscribe(observerA);

setTimeout(() => {

  subject.subscribe(observerB); 

}, 500);

// 输出:A next 5

//      B next 5
class AsyncSubject extends Subject {

  hasNext = false;

  hasComplete = false;

  value;

  publish(observer) {

    if (this.hasComplete && this.hasNext) {

      observer.next(this.value);

    }

    super.publish(observer);

  }

  next(value) {

    // 还未结束就不推送,仅保存值

    if (!this.hasComplete) {

      this.value = value;

      this.hasNext = true;

    }

  }

  error(err) {

    if (!this.hasComplete) {

      super.error(err);

    }

  }

  complete() {

    this.hasComplete = true;

    if (this.hasNext) {

       // 任务完成则推送最终值

      super.next(this.value);

    }

    super.complete();

  }

}

比较

根据以上Observable单播和Subject多播,以及Subject子类BehaviorSubject 、AsyncSubject、ReplaySubject的多播示例,可以对比ObserverA和ObserverB接收的数据流;

数据流动图如下

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Operator

采用函数式编程风格的纯函数 (pure function),使用像 mapfilterconcatflatMap 等这样的操作符来处理集合

基本用法

使用pipe方法,传入operator函数,可以对原始推送值进行一定的转换、拦截等处理;如下示例中,take operator实现获取前几个原始值的功能,map operator实现对原始值进行转换映射的功能;

const observable = Observable.interval(200).pipe(

  take(6),

  map((item) => item * 2)

);



observable.subscribe(value => console.log(value));

// 输出:0 -> 2 -> 4 -> 6 -> 8 -> 10

实现原理

  1. 以map为例,map((item) => item * 2) 返回的是一个带source入参的operation function,operation function将调用source.lift 返回一个新的source指向原observable,带operator的observable实例;
  2. 通过Observable 的pipe方法传入operation function,pipe方法使用reduce完成多个operation function的链式调用,初始source值是当前Observable,最终pipe返回的一个新的Observable实例;
  3. 当创建的带operator的Observable实例被subscribe时,会调用operator.call 方法;
  4. operator.call方法中会对observer的next回调进行封装,返回新的转换值给原observer,最后将新封装的observer传递给source.subscribe;
class Observable {

  source;

  operator;

  ....

  subscribe(observerOrNext, error, complete) {

  ....

    if (this.operator) {

      return this.operator.call(observer, this.source);

    }

    ....

  }

  lift(operator) {

    const observable = new Observable();

    observable.source = this;

    observable.operator = operator;

    return observable;

  }

  pipe(...args) {

    const operations = args.slice(0);

    if (operations.length === 0) {

      return this;

    } else if (operations.length === 1) {

      return operations[0](this);

    } else {

      return operations.reduce((source, func) => func(source), this);

    }

  }

}



// map operator

function map(mapFn) {

  return function mapOperation(source) {

   // 返回带operator的新的observable实例

    return source.lift(new mapOperator(mapFn, thisArg));

  };

}

// operator类

class mapOperator {

  constructor(mapFn) {

    this.mapFn = mapFn;

  }

  // call 方法最终调用的是source observable的 subscribe方法

  // 对传入的observer进行一层封装

  call(observer, source) {

    return source.subscribe(

      new mapObserver(observer, this.mapFn);

    );

  }

}

// 对原始observer进行数据拦截处理

class mapObserver extends Observer {

  constructor(destination, mapFn, thisArg) {

    super();

    this.destination = destination;

    this.mapFn = mapFn;

  }



  next(value) {

    const result = this.mapFn(value);

    this.destination.next(result);

  }

  complete() {

    this.destination.complete();

  }

}

同理可实现filter、take、scan等常用operator;

takeUtil的实现稍有不同,需要传入一个notifyObservable,当notifyObservable首次发出值或complete的时,提示当前订阅结束

// takeUntil示例,当点击了document后,停止每秒数据推送

const notifier = Observable.fromEvent(document, "click");

const observable = Observable.interval(1000).pipe(takeUntil(notifier));

新增notifierObserver类,订阅notifyObservable,当notifyObservable数据到达时,notifierObserver就会通知outerObserver(原observer),这样原来的observer就可以知道notifyObservable的状态;

function takeUntil(notifier) {

  return function takeUntilOperation(source) {

    return source.lift(new takeUntilOperator(notifier));

  };

}



class takeUntilOperator {

  constructor(notifier) {

    this.notifier = notifier;

  }



// notifierObserver订阅notifyObservable

//当notifyObservable推送第一个值时,notifierObserver将调用outerObserver.notifyNext

  call(observer, source) {

    const outerObserver = new takeUntilObserver(observer, this.notifier);

    const notifierObserver = new NotifierObserver(outerObserver);

    this.notifier.subscribe(notifierObserver);

    if (!outerObserver.seenValue) {

      return source.subscribe(outerObserver);

    }

  }

}

class NotifierObserver extends Observer {

  constructor(outerObserver) {

    super();

    this.outerObserver = outerObserver;

  }

  // 接受到值就通知outerObserver

  next(value) {

    this.outerObserver.notifyNext(value);

  }

  error(err) {

    this.outerObserver.notifyError(err);

    this.unsubscribe();

  }

  complete() {

    this.outerObserver.notifyComplete();

    this.unsubscribe();

  }

}

class takeUntilObserver extends Observer {

  constructor(destination) {

    super();

    this.destination = destination;

    this.seenValue = false;

  }

  // 接收到notifyNext的值或notifyComplete时就完成订阅

  notifyNext(value) {

    this.seenValue = true;

    this.destination.complete();

  }

  notifyComplete() {

    this.seenValue = true;

    this.destination.complete();

  }

  next(value) {

    if (!this.seenValue) {

      this.destination.next(value);

    }

  }

}

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