字节跳动最爱考的前端面试题:CSS 基础

240次阅读  |  发布于3年以前

注意:每道题前面出现的 (xx) 数字代表这道题出现的频次,此 CSS 基础是基于 30+ 篇前端面经整理出的问题和对应的回答、参考链接等。文章内容为拿到 Offer 的本人整理。

(2)写代码:css div 垂直水平居中,并完成 div 高度永远是宽度的一半(宽度可以不指定)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      * {
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
      }

      html,
      body {
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
      }

      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 100%;
        background: blue;
        margin: 0 auto;

        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
      }

      .inner {
        position: relative;
        width: 100%;
        height: 0;
        padding-bottom: 50%;
        background: red;
      }

      .box {
        position: absolute;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner">
        <div class="box">hello</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

参考链接

请你讲一讲 CSS 的权重和优先级

权重

优先级

参考链接

问:介绍 Flex 布局,flex 是什么属性的缩写:

参考链接

问:CSS 怎么画一个大小为父元素宽度一半的正方形?

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;
        background: red;
      }

      .inner {
        width: 50%;
        padding-bottom: 50%;
        background: blue;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

CSS实现自适应正方形、等宽高比矩形

  • width 设置百分比
  • padding 撑高
  • 如果只是要相对于 body 而言的话,还可以使用 vw 和 vh
  • 伪元素设置 margin-top: 100%撑高

双重嵌套,外层 relative,内层 absolute

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        padding-top: 50%;
        height: 0;
        background: #ccc;
        width: 50%;
        position: relative;
      }

      .inner {
        position: absolute;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        background: blue;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner">hello</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

padding 撑高画正方形

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;
        background: blue;
      }

      .inner {
        width: 100%;
        height: 0;
        padding-bottom: 100%;
        background: red;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

相对于视口 VW VH

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .inner {
        width: 1vw;
        height: 1vw;
        background: blue;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

伪元素设置 margin-top

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .inner {
        width: 100px;
        overflow: hidden;
        background: blue;
      }

      .inner::after {
        content: "";
        margin-top: 100%;
        display: block;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

参考链接

(2)问:实现两栏布局的方式:

左 float,然后右 margin-left(右边自适应)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      div {
        height: 500px;
      }

      .aside {
        width: 300px;
        float: left;
        background: yellow;
      }

      .main {
        background: aqua;
        margin-left: 300px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="aside"></div>
    <div class="main"></div>
  </body>
</html>

右 float,margin-right

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      div {
        height: 500px;
      }

      .aside {
        width: 300px;
        float: right;
        background: yellow;
      }

      .main {
        background: aqua;
        margin-right: 300px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="aside"></div>
    <div class="main"></div>
  </body>
</html>

BFC + float

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      div {
        height: 500px;
      }

      .aside {
        width: 300px;
        float: left;
        background: yellow;
      }

      .main {
        overflow: hidden;
        background: aqua;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="aside"></div>
    <div class="main"></div>
  </body>
</html>

float + 负 margin


<head>
  <style>
    .left {
      width: 100%;
      float: left;
      background: #f00;
      margin-right: -200px;
    }

    .right {
      float: left;
      width: 200px;
      background: #0f0;
    }
  </style>
</head>

<div class="left"><p>hello</p></div>
<div class="right"><p>world</p></div>

圣杯布局实现两栏布局

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      /* div {
        height: 500px;
      } */

      /* .box {
        overflow: hidden;
      } */

      /* .container {
        padding: 0 300px 0 200px;
        border: 1px solid black;
      } */

      html,
      body {
        height: 100%;
      }

      div {
        height: 100%;
      }

      .container {
        display: flex;
      }

      .content {
        flex: 1 1;
        order: 2;
        background: #f00;
      }

      .left {
        float: left;
        width: 100%;
        background: #0f0;
      }

      .right {
        float: left;
        width: 300px;
        margin-left: -300px;
        background: #00f;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <div class="left">你好</div>
      <div class="right">我好</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

flex 实现两栏布局

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      /* div {
        height: 500px;
      } */

      /* .box {
        overflow: hidden;
      } */

      /* .container {
        padding: 0 300px 0 200px;
        border: 1px solid black;
      } */

      html,
      body {
        height: 100%;
      }

      div {
        height: 100%;
      }

      .container {
        display: flex;
      }

      .content {
        flex: 1 1;
        order: 2;
        background: #f00;
      }

      .left {
        flex: 0 0 200px;
        background: #0f0;
      }

      .right {
        flex: 1 1;
        background: #00f;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <div class="left">你好</div>
      <div class="right">我好</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

参考链接:https://juejin.im/post/5e8d5268f265da480f0f9c6e#heading-8

position + margin

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      /* div {
        height: 500px;
      } */

      /* .box {
        overflow: hidden;
      } */

      /* .container {
        padding: 0 300px 0 200px;
        border: 1px solid black;
      } */

      html,
      body {
        height: 100%;
      }

      div {
        height: 100%;
      }

      .container {
        display: flex;
        position: relative;
      }

      .content {
        flex: 1 1;
        order: 2;
        background: #f00;
      }

      .left {
        position: absolute;
        width: 300px;
        background: #0f0;
      }

      .right {
        width: 100%;
        margin-left: 300px;
        background: #00f;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <div class="left">你好</div>
      <div class="right">我好</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

手写题:实现一个两栏三列的布局,并且要求三列等高,且以内容最多的一列的高度为准。

实现三列布局的方式

position + margin-left + margin-right

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      div {
        height: 500px;
      }

      .box {
        position: relative;
      }

      .left {
        position: absolute;
        left: 0;
        top: 0;
        width: 200px;
        background: green;
      }

      .right {
        position: absolute;
        right: 0;
        top: 0;
        width: 200px;
        background: red;
      }

      .middle {
        margin-left: 200px;
        margin-right: 200px;
        background: black;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="box">
      <div class="left"></div>
      <div class="middle"></div>
      <div class="right"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

通过 float + margin

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      div {
        height: 500px;
      }

      .left {
        float: left;
        width: 200px;
        height: 200px;
        background: green;
      }

      .right {
        float: right;
        width: 200px;
        height: 200px;
        background: red;
      }

      .middle {
        margin-left: 210px;
        margin-right: 210px;
        background: black;
        height: 200px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="box">
      <div class="left"></div>
      <div class="right"></div>
      <div class="middle"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

圣杯布局

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .container {
        padding: 0 300px 0 200px;
        border: 1px solid black;
      }

      .content {
        float: left;
        width: 100%;
        background: #f00;
      }

      .left {
        width: 200px;
        background: #0f0;
        float: left;
        margin-left: -100%;
        position: relative;
        left: -200px;
      }

      .right {
        width: 300px;
        background: #00f;
        float: left;
        margin-left: -300px;
        position: relative;
        right: -300px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <div class="content">中间内容</div>
      <div class="left">左侧区域</div>
      <div class="right">右侧区域</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

双飞翼布局

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      html,
      body {
        height: 100%;
      }

      div {
        height: 100%;
      }

      .main {
        float: left;
        width: 100%;
        background: #f00;
      }

      .main .content {
        margin-left: 200px;
        margin-right: 300px;
      }

      .left {
        width: 200px;
        background: #0f0;
        float: left;
        margin-left: -100%;
      }

      .right {
        width: 300px;
        background: #00f;
        float: left;
        margin-left: -300px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="main">
      <div class="content">hello world</div>
    </div>
    <div class="left">你好</div>
    <div class="right">王鹏浩</div>
  </body>
</html>

flex 布局

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      html,
      body {
        height: 100%;
      }

      div {
        height: 100%;
      }

      .container {
        display: flex;
      }

      .content {
        flex: 1 1;
        order: 2;
        background: #f00;
      }

      .left {
        flex: 0 0 200px;
        order: 1;
        background: #0f0;
      }

      .right {
        flex: 0 0 300px;
        order: 3;
        background: #00f;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <div class="content">hello world</div>
      <div class="left">你好</div>
      <div class="right">王鹏浩</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

参考链接

问:CSS 动画有哪些?

  • animation

animation、transition、transform、translate 这几个属性要搞清楚:

参考资料

(3)问:用css2和css3分别写一下垂直居中和水平居中

CSS2

水平居中:

垂直居中

已知宽高,进行水平垂直居中

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        position: relative;
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;
        background: blue;
      }

      .inner {
        position: absolute;
        width: 200px;
        height: 300px;
        background: red;
        left: 50%;
        top: 50%;
        margin: -150px 0 0 -100px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

宽高未知,比如 内联元素,进行水平垂直居中

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;
        /* background: blue; */
        border: 1px solid red;
        background-color: transparent;
        position: relative;
      }

      .inner {
        position: absolute;
        background: red;
        left: 50%;
        top: 50%;
        transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <span class="inner">我想居中显示</span>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

绝对定位的 div 水平垂直居中

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;
        /* background: blue; */
        border: 1px solid red;
        background-color: transparent;
        position: relative;
      }

      .inner {
        position: absolute;
        background: red;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        top: 0;
        width: 200px;
        height: 300px;
        margin: auto;
        border: 1px solid blue;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner">我想居中显示</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

图片和其他元素使用 display: table-cell; 进行垂直居中

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;
        /* background: blue; */
        border: 1px solid red;
        background-color: transparent;
        display: table-cell;
        vertical-align: middle;
      }

      .inner {
        background: red;
        width: 200px;
        height: 300px;
        border: 1px solid blue;
        margin: 0 auto;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner">我想居中显示</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

CSS3

垂直、水平居中

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .outer {
        width: 400px;
        height: 600px;

        display: flex;

        /* 垂直居中 */
        align-items: center;

        /* 水平居中 */
        justify-content: center;
        border: 1px solid red;
        background-color: transparent;
      }

      .inner {
        background: red;
        width: 200px;
        height: 300px;
        border: 1px solid blue;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="outer">
      <div class="inner">我想居中显示</div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

(2)问:visibility 和 display 的差别(还有opacity)

问:opacity 可以有过渡效果嘛?

可以设置过渡效果

问:BFC 与 IFC 区别

BFC 是块级格式上下文,IFC 是行内格式上下文:

参考链接:

问:BFC会与float元素相互覆盖吗?为什么?举例说明

不会,因为 BFC 是页面中一个独立的隔离容器,其内部的元素不会与外部的元素相互影响,比如两个 div,上面的 div 设置了 float,那么如果下面的元素不是 BFC,也没有设置 float,会形成对上面的元素进行包裹内容的情况,如果设置了下面元素为 overflow:hidden;属性那么就能够实现经典的两列布局,左边内容固定宽度,右边因为是 BFC 所以会进行自适应。

参考链接

问:了解box-sizing吗?

box-sizing 属性可以被用来调整这些表现:

(2)什么是 BFC

BFC(Block Formatting Context)格式化上下文,是 Web 页面中盒模型布局的 CSS 渲染模式,指一个独立的渲染区域或者说是一个隔离的独立容器。

形成 BFC 的条件

五种:

BFC 的特性:

(2)问:了解盒模型吗?

CSS盒模型本质上是一个盒子,封装周围的HTML元素,它包括:外边距(margin)边框(border)内边距(padding)实际内容(content)四个属性。CSS盒模型:标准模型 + IE模型

标准盒子模型:宽度=内容的宽度(content)+ border + padding

低版本IE盒子模型:宽度=内容宽度(content+border+padding),如何设置成 IE 盒子模型:

box-sizing: border-box;

参考链接

问:说一下你知道的position属性,都有啥特点?

static:无特殊定位,对象遵循正常文档流。top,right,bottom,left等属性不会被应用。relative:对象遵循正常文档流,但将依据top,right,bottom,left等属性在正常文档流中偏移位置。而其层叠通过z-index属性定义。absolute:对象脱离正常文档流,使用top,right,bottom,left等属性进行绝对定位。而其层叠通过z-index属性定义。fixed:对象脱离正常文档流,使用top,right,bottom,left等属性以窗口为参考点进行定位,当出现滚动条时,对象不会随着滚动。而其层叠通过z-index属性定义。sticky:具体是类似 relative 和 fixed,在 viewport 视口滚动到阈值之前应用 relative,滚动到阈值之后应用 fixed 布局,由 top 决定。

问:两个div上下排列,都设margin,有什么现象?

问:为什么会有这种现象?你能解释一下吗

是由块级格式上下文决定的,BFC,元素在 BFC 中会进行上下排列,然后垂直距离由 margin 决定,并且会发生重叠,具体表现为同正取最大的,同负取绝对值最大的,一正一负,相加

BFC 是页面中一个独立的隔离容器,内部的子元素不会影响到外部的元素。

问:清除浮动有哪些方法?

不清楚浮动会发生高度塌陷:浮动元素父元素高度自适应(父元素不写高度时,子元素写了浮动后,父元素会发生高度塌陷)

.float_div:after{
  content:".";
  clear:both;
  display:block;
  height:0;
  overflow:hidden;
  visibility:hidden;
}
.float_div{
  zoom:1
}

参考链接

Copyright© 2013-2020

All Rights Reserved 京ICP备2023019179号-8