这才是理想中的 C 语言编程规范

400次阅读  |  发布于2年以前

01 最重要的规则

编写代码时最重要的一条规则是：检查周围的代码并尝试模仿它。

作为维护人员，如果收到的补丁明显与周围代码的编码风格不同，这是令人沮丧的。这是不尊重人的，就像某人穿着泥泞的鞋子走进一间一尘不染的房子。

因此，无论本文推荐的是什么，如果已经编写了代码并且您正在对其进行修补，请保持其当前的样式一致，即使它不是您最喜欢的样式。

02 一般性的规则

这里列出了最明显和最重要的一般规则。在你继续阅读其他章节之前，请仔细检查它们。

int32_t a = sum(4, 3);              /* OK */
int32_t a = sum (4, 3);             /* Wrong */
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {           /* OK */
}
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i){            /* Wrong */
}
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i)             /* Wrong */
{
}
int32_t a;
a = 3 + 4;              /* OK */
for (a = 0; a < 5; ++a) /* OK */
a=3+4;                  /* Wrong */
a = 3+4;                /* Wrong */
for (a=0;a<5;++a)       /* Wrong */
func_name(5, 4);        /* OK */
func_name(4,3);         /* Wrong */
static int32_t a;       /* OK */
static int32_t b = 4;   /* OK */
static int32_t a = 0;   /* Wrong */

void my_func(void) {
    static int32_t* ptr;/* OK */
    static char abc = 0;/* Wrong */
}
void my_func(void) {
    char a;             /* OK */
    char b;             /* Wrong, variable with char type already exists */
    char a, b;          /* OK */
}

i. 自定义结构和枚举

ii. 整数类型，更宽的无符号类型优先

iii. 单/双浮点

int my_func(void) {
    /* 1 */
    my_struct_t my;     /* First custom structures */
    my_struct_ptr_t* p; /* Pointers too */

    /* 2 */
    uint32_t a;
    int32_t b;
    uint16_t c;
    int16_t g;
    char h;
    /* ... */

    /* 3 */
    double d;
    float f;
}
/* OK */
for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i)

/* OK, if you need counter variable later */
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    if (...) {
        break;
    }
}
if (i * 10) {

}

/* Wrong */
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) ...
void a(void) {
    /* Avoid function calls when declaring variable */
    int32_t a, b = sum(1, 2);

    /* Use this */
    int32_t a, b;
    b = sum(1, 2);

    /* This is ok */
    uint8_t a = 3, b = 4;
}
/* OK */
uint8_t status;
status = 0;

/* Wrong */
#include <stdbool.h>
bool status = true;
void* ptr;

/* ... */

/* OK, compare against NULL */
if (ptr * NULL || ptr != NULL) {

}

/* Wrong */
if (ptr || !ptr) {

}
int32_t a = 0;
...

a++;            /* Wrong */
++a;            /* OK */

for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; ++j) {}  /* OK */
/* When d could be modified, data pointed to by d could not be modified */
void
my_func(const void* d) {

}

/* When d and data pointed to by d both could not be modified */
void
my_func(const void* const d) {

}

/* Not required, it is advised */
void
my_func(const size_t len) {

}

/* When d should not be modified inside function, only data pointed to by d could be modified */
void
my_func(void* const d) {

}
/*
 * To send data, function should not modify memory pointed to by `data` variable
 * thus `const` keyword is important
 *
 * To send generic data (or to write them to file)
 * any type may be passed for data,
 * thus use `void *`
 */
/* OK example */
void send_data(const void* data, size_t len) { /* OK */
    /* Do not cast `void *` or `const void *` */
    const uint8_t* d = data;/* Function handles proper type for internal usage */
}

void send_data(const void* data, int len) {    /* Wrong, not not use int */
}
/* OK */
#include <stdlib.h>
void
my_func(size_t size) {
    int32_t* arr;
    arr = malloc(sizeof(*arr) * n); /* OK, Allocate memory */
    arr = malloc(sizeof *arr * n);  /* Wrong, brackets for sizeof operator are missing */
    if (arr * NULL) {
        /* FAIL, no memory */
    }

    free(arr);  /* Free memory after usage */
}

/* Wrong */
void
my_func(size_t size) {
    int32_t arr[size];  /* Wrong, do not use VLA */
}
size_t length = 5;  /* Counter variable */
uint8_t is_ok = 0;  /* Boolean-treated variable */
if (length)         /* Wrong, length is not treated as boolean */
if (length > 0)     /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */
if (length * 0)    /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */

if (is_ok)          /* OK, variable is treated as boolean */
if (!is_ok)         /* OK, -||- */
if (is_ok * 1)     /* Wrong, never compare boolean variable against 1! */
if (is_ok * 0)     /* Wrong, use ! for negative check */

03 注释相关的规则

/*
 * This is multi-line comments,
 * written in 2 lines (ok)
 */

/**
 * Wrong, use double-asterisk only for doxygen documentation
 */

/*
* Single line comment without space before asterisk (wrong)
*/

/*
 * Single line comment in multi-line configuration (wrong)
 */

/* Single line comment (ok) */
void my_func(void) {
    char a, b;

    a = call_func_returning_char_a(a);          /* This is comment with 12*4 spaces indent from beginning of line */
    b = call_func_returning_char_a_but_func_name_is_very_long(a);   /* This is comment, aligned to 4-spaces indent */
}

04 函数定义的规则

/* OK */
void my_func(void);
void myfunc(void);

/* Wrong */
void MYFunc(void);
void myFunc();
/* OK */
const char* my_func(void);
my_struct_t* my_func(int32_t a, int32_t b);

/* Wrong */
const char *my_func(void);
my_struct_t * my_func(void);
/* OK, function names aligned */
void        set(int32_t a);
my_type_t   get(void);
my_ptr_t*   get_ptr(void);

/* Wrong */
void set(int32_t a);
const char * get(void);
/* OK */
int32_t
foo(void) {
    return 0;
}

/* OK */
static const char*
get_string(void) {
    return "Hello world!\r\n";
}

/* Wrong */
int32_t foo(void) {
    return 0;
}

05 变量相关的规则

/* OK */
int32_t a;
int32_t my_var;
int32_t myvar;

/* Wrong */
int32_t A;
int32_t myVar;
int32_t MYVar;
void foo(void) {
    int32_t a, b;   /* OK */
    char a;
    char b;         /* Wrong, char type already exists */
}
void foo(void) {
    int32_t a;
    a = bar();
    int32_t b;      /* Wrong, there is already executable statement */
}
int32_t a, b;
a = foo();
if (a) {
    int32_t c, d;   /* OK, c and d are in if-statement scope */
    c = foo();
    int32_t e;      /* Wrong, there was already executable statement inside block */
}
/* OK */
char* a;

/* Wrong */
char *a;
char * a;
/* OK */
char *p, *n;

06 结构、枚举类型定义

1 . 当结构体仅用名称声明时，它的名称后不能包含_t后缀。

struct struct_name {
    char* a;
    char b;
};

2 . 当只使用typedef声明结构时，它的名称后面必须包含_t后缀。

typedef struct {
    char* a;
    char b;
} struct_name_t;

3 . 当结构用name和typedef声明时，它不能包含t作为基本名称，它必须在它的名称后面包含t后缀作为typedef部分。

typedef struct struct_name {
    char* a;
    char b;
    char c;
} struct_name_t;
/* a and b must be separated to 2 lines */
/* Name of structure with typedef must include _t suffix */
typedef struct {
    int32_t a, b;
} a;

/* Corrected version */
typedef struct {
    int32_t a;
    int32_t b;
} a_t;

/* Wrong name, it must not include _t suffix */
struct name_t {
    int32_t a;
    int32_t b;
};

/* Wrong parameters, must be all uppercase */
typedef enum {
    MY_ENUM_TESTA,
    my_enum_testb,
} my_enum_t;
/* OK */
a_t a = {
    .a = 4,
    .b = 5,
};

/* Wrong */
a_t a = {1, 2};
/* Function accepts 2 parameters and returns uint8_t */
/* Name of typedef has `_fn` suffix */
typedef uint8_t (*my_func_typedef_fn)(uint8_t p1, const char* p2);

07 复合语句规则

/* OK */
if (c) {
    do_a();
} else {
    do_b();
}

/* Wrong */
if (c)
    do_a();
else
    do_b();

/* Wrong */
if (c) do_a();
else do_b();
/* OK */
if (a) {

} else if (b) {

} else {

}

/* Wrong */
if (a) {

}
else {

}

/* Wrong */
if (a) {

}
else
{

}
/* OK */
do {
    int32_t a;
    a = do_a();
    do_b(a);
} while (check());

/* Wrong */
do
{
/* ... */
} while (check());

/* Wrong */
do {
/* ... */
}
while (check());
if (a) {
    do_a();
} else {
    do_b();
    if (c) {
        do_c();
    }
}
if (a) do_b();
else do_c();

if (a) do_a(); else do_b();
/* OK */
while (is_register_bit_set()) {}

/* Wrong */
while (is_register_bit_set());
while (is_register_bit_set()) { }
while (is_register_bit_set()) {
}
/* Wait for bit to be set in embedded hardware unit
uint32_t* addr = HW_PERIPH_REGISTER_ADDR;

/* Wait bit 13 to be ready */
while (*addr & (1 << 13)) {}        /* OK, empty loop contains no spaces inside curly brackets */
while (*addr & (1 << 13)) { }       /* Wrong */
while (*addr & (1 << 13)) {         /* Wrong */

}
while (*addr & (1 << 13));          /* Wrong, curly brackets are missing. Can lead to compiler warnings or unintentional bugs */
/* Not recommended */
int32_t a = 0;
while (a < 10) {
    .
    ..
    ...
    ++a;
}

/* Better */
for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ++a) {

}

/* Better, if inc may not happen in every cycle */
for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ) {
    if (...) {
        ++a;
    }
}

08 分支语句规则

/* OK, every case has single indent */
/* OK, every break has additional indent */
switch (check()) {
    case 0:
        do_a();
        break;
    case 1:
        do_b();
        break;
    default:
        break;
}

/* Wrong, case indent missing */
switch (check()) {
case 0:
    do_a();
    break;
case 1:
    do_b();
    break;
default:
    break;
}

/* Wrong */
switch (check()) {
    case 0:
        do_a();
    break;      /* Wrong, break must have indent as it is under case */
    case 1:
    do_b();     /* Wrong, indent under case is missing */
    break;
    default:
        break;
}
/* OK */
switch (var) {
    case 0:
        do_job();
        break;
    default: break;
}

/* Wrong, default is missing */
switch (var) {
    case 0:
        do_job();
        break;
}
switch (a) {
    /* OK */
    case 0: {
        int32_t a, b;
        char c;
        a = 5;
        /* ... */
        break;
    }

    /* Wrong */
    case 1:
    {
        int32_t a;
        break;
    }

    /* Wrong, break shall be inside */
    case 2: {
        int32_t a;
    }
    break;
}

09 宏和预处理指令

/* OK */
#define MY_MACRO(x)         ((x) * (x))

/* Wrong */
#define square(x)           ((x) * (x))
/* OK */
#define MIN(x, y)           ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))

/* Wrong */
#define MIN(x, y)           x < y ? x : y
/* Wrong */
#define MIN(x, y)           (x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)
#define SUM(x, y)           (x) + (y)

/* Imagine result of this equation using wrong SUM implementation */
int32_t x = 5 * SUM(3, 4);  /* Expected result is 5 * 7 = 35 */
int32_t x = 5 * (3) + (4);  /* It is evaluated to this, final result = 19 which is not what we expect */

/* Correct implementation */
#define MIN(x, y)           ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
#define SUM(x, y)           ((x) + (y))
typedef struct {
    int32_t px, py;
} point_t;
point_t p;                  /* Define new point */

/* Wrong implementation */

/* Define macro to set point */
#define SET_POINT(p, x, y)  (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y)    /* 2 statements. Last one should not implement semicolon */

SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);        /* Set point to position 3, 4. This evaluates to... */
(&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); /* ... to this. In this example this is not a problem. */

/* Consider this ugly code, however it is valid by C standard (not recommended) */
if (a)                      /* If a is true */
    if (b)                  /* If b is true */
        SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */
    else
        SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */

/* Evaluates to code below. Do you see the problem? */
if (a)
    if (b)
        (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4);
    else
        (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6);

/* Or if we rewrite it a little */
if (a)
    if (b)
        (&p)->px = (3);
        (&p)->py = (4);
    else
        (&p)->px = (5);
        (&p)->py = (6);

/*
 * Ask yourself a question: To which `if` statement `else` keyword belongs?
 *
 * Based on first part of code, answer is straight-forward. To inner `if` statement when we check `b` condition
 * Actual answer: Compilation error as `else` belongs nowhere
 */

/* Better and correct implementation of macro */
#define SET_POINT(p, x, y)  do { (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y); } while (0)    /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop */
/* Or even better */
#define SET_POINT(p, x, y)  do {    \   /* Backslash indicates statement continues in new line */
    (p)->px = (x);                  \
    (p)->py = (y);                  \
} while (0)                             /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop */

/* Now original code evaluates to */
if (a)
    if (b)
        do { (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); } while (0);
    else
        do { (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); } while (0);

/* Every part of `if` or `else` contains only `1` inner statement (do-while), hence this is valid evaluation */

/* To make code perfect, use brackets for every if-ifelse-else statements */
if (a) {                    /* If a is true */
    if (b) {                /* If b is true */
        SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */
    } else {
        SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */
    }
}
/* OK */
#if defined(XYZ)
#if defined(ABC)
/* do when ABC defined */
#endif /* defined(ABC) */
#else /* defined(XYZ) */
/* Do when XYZ not defined */
#endif /* !defined(XYZ) */

/* Wrong */
#if defined(XYZ)
    #if defined(ABC)
        /* do when ABC defined */
    #endif /* defined(ABC) */
#else /* defined(XYZ) */
    /* Do when XYZ not defined */
#endif /* !defined(XYZ) */
文档
/**
 * \brief           Holds pointer to first entry in linked list
 *                  Beginning of this text is 5 tabs (20 spaces) from beginning of line
 */
static
type_t* list;
/**
 * \brief           This is point struct
 * \note            This structure is used to calculate all point
 *                      related stuff
 */
typedef struct {
    int32_t x;                                  /*!< Point X coordinate */
    int32_t y;                                  /*!< Point Y coordinate */
    int32_t size;                               /*!< Point size.
                                                    Since comment is very big,
                                                    you may go to next line */
} point_t;

/**
 * \brief           Point color enumeration
 */
typedef enum {
    COLOR_RED,                                  /*!< Red color. This comment has 12x4
                                                    spaces offset from beginning of line */
    COLOR_GREEN,                                /*!< Green color */
    COLOR_BLUE,                                 /*!< Blue color */
} point_color_t;
/**
 * \brief           Sum `2` numbers
 * \param[in]       a: First number
 * \param[in]       b: Second number
 * \return          Sum of input values
 */
int32_t
sum(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
    return a + b;
}

/**
 * \brief           Sum `2` numbers and write it to pointer
 * \note            This function does not return value, it stores it to pointer instead
 * \param[in]       a: First number
 * \param[in]       b: Second number
 * \param[out]      result: Output variable used to save result
 */
void
void_sum(int32_t a, int32_t b, int32_t* result) {
    *result = a + b;
}
/**
 * \brief           My enumeration
 */
typedef enum {
    MY_ERR,                                     /*!< Error value */
    MY_OK                                       /*!< OK value */
} my_enum_t;

/**
 * \brief           Check some value
 * \return          \ref MY_OK on success, member of \ref my_enum_t otherwise
 */
my_enum_t
check_value(void) {
    return MY_OK;
}
/**
 * \brief           Get data from input array
 * \param[in]       in: Input data
 * \return          Pointer to output data on success, `NULL` otherwise
 */
const void *
get_data(const void* in) {
    return in;
}
/**
 * \brief           Get minimal value between `x` and `y`
 * \param[in]       x: First value
 * \param[in]       y: Second value
 * \return          Minimal value between `x` and `y`
 * \hideinitializer
 */
#define MIN(x, y)       ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))

10 头/源文件

/**
 * \file            template.h
 * \brief           Template include file
 */
                    /* Here is empty line */
/**
 * \file            template.h
 * \brief           Template include file
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) year FirstName LASTNAME
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * This file is part of library_name.
 *
 * Author:          FirstName LASTNAME <optional_email@example.com>
 */
/* file.h ... */
#ifndef ...

extern int32_t my_variable; /* This is global variable declaration in header */

#endif

/* file.c ... */
int32_t my_variable;        /* Actually defined in source */
/* License comes here */
#ifndef TEMPLATE_HDR_H
#define TEMPLATE_HDR_H

/* Include headers */

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif /* __cplusplus */

/* File content here */

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */

#endif /* TEMPLATE_HDR_H */

参考资料

[1]分享GitHub上一位老外的嵌入式C编码规范（收藏细读）:https://www.toutiao.com/i6949933402917306893/?tt_from=weixin&utm_campaign=client_share&wxshare_count=1&timestamp=1624066549&app=news_article&utm_source=weixin&utm_medium=toutiao_ios&use_new_style=1&req_id=202106190935490101502220423E347B11&share_token=AE95604B-F45F-4E2C-BA98-60094A007147&group_id=6949933402917306893

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