最近看到 medium 上有篇文章[1]把关于 slice 的常见错误总结出来了，有些甚至是老司机也容易犯的。每个错误都先描述问题，再给出修改建议，最后再展示一个代码样例。
之前饶大写过一篇关于 slice 的文章[《深度解密 Go 语言之 Slice》] ，如果看懂了，很多相关的问题都能理解。
如果我们用类似 b := a[:3] 这样的方式基于 a 创建一个新的 slice，a 和 b 这时指向同一个底层数组。如果对 a 进行的一些操作，影响到了底层数组，最后也会影响到 b。这个隐蔽的 bug 可能会耗费你不少时间来排查。
解决办法很简单，从老 slice 拷贝一个新 slice，这样对老 slice 的修改就不会影响新 slice。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sort"
)
func main() {
a := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
b := a[4:7]
fmt.Printf("before sorting a, b = %v\n", b) // before sorting a, b = [5 6 7]
sort.Slice(a, func(i, j int) bool {
return a[i]> a[j]
})
// b is not [5,6,7] anymore. If we code something to use [5,6,7] in b, then
// there can be some unpredicted behaviours
fmt.Printf("after sorting a, b = %v\n", b) // after sorting a, b = [5 4 3]
// Fix:
// To avoid that, that part of the slice should be copied to a different slice.
// Then that values are in different underlying array and changes to a will
// not be affected to that
c := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
d := make([]int, 3)
copy(d, c[4:7])
fmt.Printf("before sorting c, d = %v\n", d) // before sorting c, d = [5 6 7]
sort.Slice(c, func(i, j int) bool {
return c[i]> c[j]
})
fmt.Printf("after sorting c, d = %v\n", d) //after sorting c, d = [5 6 7]
}
view raw如果一个 slice 里面的元素是指针类型，当我们在遍历另一个 slice 的过程中将循环变量取址后 append 到这个指针类型的 slice，那么每次 append 的是其实是同一个元素。这是因为在整个循环的过程中，循环变量是同一个，对它的取址当然也是一样的。
将循环变量赋值给一个新变量，将新变量取址后 append 到这个指针类型的 slice。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := make([]*int, 0)
// simplest scenario of the mistake. create *int slice and
// put elements in a loop using iterator variable's pointer
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
a = append(a, &i)
}
// all elements have same pointer value and value is the last value of
// the iterator variable because i is the same variable throughout the loop
fmt.Printf("a = %v\n", a) // a = [0xc000018058 0xc000018058 0xc000018058]
fmt.Printf("a[0] = %v, a[1] = %v, a[2] = %v\n\n", *a[0], *a[1], *a[2])
// a[0] = 3, a[1] = 3, a[2] = 3
type A struct {
a int
}
b := []A{
{a: 2},
{a: 4},
{a: 6},
}
// append pointer to iteration variable a and it's memory address is same
// through out the loop so all the elements will append same pointer and value
// is the last value of the loop because a is the same variable throughout
// the loop
aa := make([]*A, 0)
for _, a := range b {
aa = append(aa, &a)
}
fmt.Printf("aa = %v\n", a) // aa = [0xc000018058 0xc000018058 0xc000018058]
fmt.Printf("aa[0] = %v, aa[1] = %v, aa[2] = %v\n\n", *aa[0], *aa[1], *aa[2])
// aa[0] = {6}, aa[1] = {6}, aa[2] = {6}
// Fix:
// To avoid that iteration value should be copied to a different variable
// and pointer to that should be appended
bb := make([]*A, 0)
for _, a := range b {
a := a
bb = append(bb, &a)
}
fmt.Printf("bb = %v\n", a) // bb = [0xc000018058 0xc000018058 0xc000018058]
fmt.Printf("bb[0] = %v, bb[1] = %v, bb[2] = %v\n", *bb[0], *bb[1], *bb[2])
// bb[0] = {2}, bb[1] = {4}, bb[2] = {6}
}当一个函数的参数（形参）是 slice 时，如果在函数内部向这个 slice append 元素，那么原始的 slice（实参）将不受影响。因为 append 之后会形成一个新的 slice，原 slice 不会变。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := []int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Printf("before append, a = %v\n", a ) // before append, a = [1 2 3]
// a is not changed because append returns a new slice with appended elements
myAppend(a, 4)
fmt.Printf("after append, a = %v\n", a ) // after append, a = [1 2 3]
// Fix:
// to fix this, use pointer to slice to append in separate function or
// get returned appended slice from that function
myAppend2(&a, 4)
fmt.Printf("after append with pointer, a = %v\n", a )
// after append with pointer, a = [1 2 3 4]
a = myAppend3(a, 5)
fmt.Printf("after append with return, a = %v\n", a )
// after append with return, a = [1 2 3 4 5]
}
func myAppend(a []int, i int) {
a = append(a, i)
}
func myAppend2(a *[]int, i int) {
*a = append(*a, i)
}
func myAppend3(a []int, i int) []int {
a = append(a, i)
return a
}当我们在遍历一个 slice 时，如果想通过循环变量需要改变元素值。因为循环变量只是 slice 元素的一个拷贝，修改循环变量并不能影响原来的 slice。
想要修改原 slice，用切片下标来访问 slice 元素并做修改。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := []int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Printf("before adding 1 to elements, a = %v \n", a)
// before adding 1 to elements, a = [1 2 3]
for _, n := range a {
n += 1
}
// slice elements haven't changed because n is a copy of slice elements.
fmt.Printf("after adding 1 to elements, a = %v \n", a)
// after adding 1 to elements, a = [1 2 3]
// Fix:
// to change that address the elements with the index and it should be changed
for i, _ := range a {
a[i] += 1
}
fmt.Printf("after adding 1 to elements with index, a = %v \n", a)
// after adding 1 to elements with index, a = [2 3 4]
}如果想通过每次向原 slice append 不同的元素，从而创建出多个 slice。假如原 slice 的容量恰好够用，那么这些新创建的 slice 和最后创建出来的 slice 内容相同。
明确指定长度来创建一个新 slice，并使用 copy 将原 slice 拷贝到新 slice。之后，将元素 append 到新 slice。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := make([]int, 3, 10)
a[0], a[1], a[2] = 1, 2, 3
b := append(a, 4)
c := append(a, 5)
// c == b because both refer to same underlying array and capacity of that is 10
// so appending to a will not create new array.
fmt.Printf("b = %v \n", b) // b = [1 2 3 5]
fmt.Printf("c = %v \n\n", c) // c = [1 2 3 5]
// fix:
// to avoid this, a should be copied to b and c and then append
b = make([]int, 3)
copy(b, a)
b = append(b, 4)
c = make([]int, 3)
copy(c, a)
c = append(c, 5)
fmt.Printf("after copy\n")
fmt.Printf("b = %v \n", b) // b = [1 2 3 4]
fmt.Printf("c = %v \n", c) // c = [1 2 3 5]
}向一个空的 slice 里面拷贝元素什么也不会发生。拷贝时，只有 min(len(a), len(b)) 个元素会被成功拷贝。
想从原 slice 拷贝多少个元素过来，就先创建一个指定长度的 slice，再执行拷贝。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := []int{2, 4, 6}
// b has no any elements of a because copy copies
// min(len(a), len(b)) number of elements
b := make([]int, 0)
n := copy(b, a)
fmt.Printf("b = %v\n", b) // b = []
fmt.Printf("%d elements copied from a to b\n\n", n)
// 0 elements copied from a to b
//Fix: make slice with a length that number of elements need to be copied.
c := make([]int, 2)
n = copy(c, a)
fmt.Printf("c = %v\n", c) // c = [2 4]
fmt.Printf("%d elements copied from a to c\n\n", n)
// 2 elements copied from a to c
}可以看到，如果对之前的那篇[文章] 有足够的理解，这些错误一眼就能看出原因。不过理解是一回事，平时在工作中其实也难免写出有问题的代码来。多看看类似的陷阱总会有好处。
[1]文章: https://medium.com/@nsspathirana/common-mistakes-with-go-slices-95f2e9b362a9
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