使用 expvar 暴露 Go 程序运行指标

获取应用程序的运行指标，可以让我们更好地了解它的实际状况。将这些指标对接到 prometheus、zabbix 等监控系统，能够对应用程序持续检测，发现异常可以及时告警并得到处理。

Pull 与 Push

与监控系统对接方式有两种，一种是 Pull（拉取），另外一种 Push（推送）。

以 Prometheus 为例，应用程序通过暴露出 HTTP 接口，让 Prometheus 周期性地通过该接口抓取指标，这就是 Pull。而 Push 是应用程序主动将指标推送给 PushGateway， Prometheus 则去 PushGateway 抓取数据。

Go 标准库中有一个名为 expvar 的包，它的名字由 exp 和 var 两部分组合而成，意味着导出变量。

expvar 为公共变量提供了标准化的接口，并通过 HTTP 以 Json 的格式将这些变量暴露出去，很适合采用 Pull 的方式与监控系统进行对接。

使用 expvar 库

expvar 是标准库，意味着我们并不要额外的依赖，并且它还提供了一些开箱即用的指标。下面我们来学习一下该库的使用。

当引用了 expvar 库（import "expvar"），以下 init 函数将被自动调用。

func init() {
 http.HandleFunc("/debug/vars", expvarHandler)
 Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))
 Publish("memstats", Func(memstats))
}

该函数为我们注册了 /debug/vars 路径的 HTTP 服务，访问该路径将得到 Json 格式的指标。

因此，我们还需要调用 ListenAndServe 绑定端口，并开始服务 HTTP 请求。

http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

完整代码如下

package main

import (
 _ "expvar"
 "net/http"
)

func main() {
 http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

将程序运行起来后，通过 curl 请求，得到以下结果

$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build1657217338/b001/exe/main"],
"memstats": {"Alloc":278880,"TotalAlloc":278880,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1169,"Frees":87,"HeapAlloc":278880,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2949120,"HeapInuse":917504,"HeapReleased":2899968,"HeapObjects":1082,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":28696,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3875,"GCSys":3826448,"OtherSys":662893,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":41,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":496,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":63,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":28,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":134,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":50,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":12,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":30,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":10,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]}
}

可以看到，expvar 默认已提供了两项指标，分别是程序执行命令（os.Args）和运行时内存分配（runtime.Memstats）信息。

expvar 库重点内容

expvar 中最重要的是 Publish 函数和 Var 接口。

func Publish(name string, v Var) {}

Publish 函数签名中需要两个参数，name 是我们指定的指标名。例如在上文 expvar 的 init 函数下 Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))代码行，其中cmdline就是指标名，而Func(cmdline)则是实现了 Var 接口的 expvar.Func 类型变量。

Var 接口，它只定义了一个 String 方法。需要注意的是，该方法必须要返回一个有效的 Json字符串。

// Var is an abstract type for all exported variables.
type Var interface {
 // String returns a valid JSON value for the variable.
 // Types with String methods that do not return valid JSON
 // (such as time.Time) must not be used as a Var.
 String() string
}

为了方便使用，expvar 库中提供了五种导出变量类型，它们均实现了 Var 接口。

type Int struct {
 i int64
}

type Float struct {
 f uint64
}

type Map struct {
 m      sync.Map // map[string]Var
 keysMu sync.RWMutex
 keys   []string // sorted
}

type String struct {
 s atomic.Value // string
}

type Func func() any

我们分别通过调用 expvar.NewXXX 函数即可完成前四种类型的变量创建与指标注册。

intVar = expvar.NewInt(“metricName”)
floatVar = expvar.NewFloat(“metricName”)
mapVar = expvar.NewMap(“metricName”)
stringVar = expvar.NewString(“metricName”)

例如 expvar.NewInt 函数，它会内部调用 Publish 方法完成指标名与 expvar.Int 类型变量的绑定。

func NewInt(name string) *Int {
 v := new(Int)
 Publish(name, v)
 return v
}

而 expvar.Func 类型，其实是为了让我们可以自定义导出类型。

例如，假如我们想要暴露以下定义的结构体

type MyStruct struct {
 Field1 string
 Field2 int
 Field3 float64
}

首先需要创建一个数据生成函数。它用于在每次调用 HTTP 服务路径时，通过该函数导出这里面的数据。

func MyStructData() interface{} {
 return MyStruct{
  Field1: "Gopher",
  Field2: 22,
  Field3: 19.99,
 }
}

最后，通过 Publish 函数注册指标名即可。

expvar.Publish("metricName", expvar.Func(MyStructData))

完整示例

下面，我们给出一个覆盖五种导出变量类型的完整示例。

package main

import (
 "expvar"
 "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/host"
 "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/load"
 "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/mem"
 "net/http"
 "time"
)

type Load struct {
 Load1  float64
 Load5  float64
 Load15 float64
}

func AllLoadAvg() interface{} {
 return Load{
  Load1:  LoadAvg(1),
  Load5:  LoadAvg(5),
  Load15: LoadAvg(15),
 }
}

func LoadAvg(loadNumber int) float64 {
 avg, _ := load.Avg()
 switch loadNumber {
 case 5:
  return avg.Load5
 case 15:
  return avg.Load15
 default:
  return avg.Load1
 }
}

func main() {
 var (
  aliveOfSeconds = expvar.NewInt("aliveOfSeconds")
  hostID         = expvar.NewString("hostID")
  lastLoad       = expvar.NewFloat("lastLoad")
  virtualMemory  = expvar.NewMap("virtualMemory")
 )
 expvar.Publish("allLoadAvg", expvar.Func(AllLoadAvg))
 h, _ := host.HostID()
 hostID.Set(h)

 go http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

 for {
  aliveOfSeconds.Add(1)
  vm, _ := mem.VirtualMemory()
  lastLoad.Set(LoadAvg(1))
  virtualMemory.Add("active", int64(vm.Active))
  virtualMemory.Add("buffer", int64(vm.Buffers))
  time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
 }
}

在上述示例中，我们通过 gopsutil 库（介绍可见[还在自己写 Go 系统监控函数吗] 一文）获取了一些系统信息，并展示了如何通过 expvar 中的各种变量类型将这些信息进行导出。

curl 访问 localhost:8080/debug/vars 结果如下

$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"aliveOfSeconds": 1,
"allLoadAvg": {"Load1":1.69580078125,"Load5":1.97412109375,"Load15":1.90283203125},
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build3566019824/b001/exe/main"],
"hostID": "7a1a74f2-30fc-5bc1-b439-6b7aef22e58d",
"lastLoad": 1.69580078125,
"memstats": {"Alloc":256208,"TotalAlloc":256208,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1089,"Frees":48,"HeapAlloc":256208,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2891776,"HeapInuse":974848,"HeapReleased":2859008,"HeapObjects":1041,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":19992,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3905,"GCSys":3851120,"OtherSys":638191,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":35,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":415,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":71,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":141,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":52,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":20,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":23,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":14,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":42,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":33,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":4,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]},
"virtualMemory": {"active": 1957449728, "buffer": 0}
}

总结

标准库 expvar 为需要导出的公共变量提供了一个标准化的接口，使用比较简单。

expvar 包内部定义的几种基础类型都相应给出了并发安全的操作方法，我们不需要去重复实现一遍，能够开箱即用。

但是， 在 https://go.dev/ 上统计的公共项目，该库的 import 数量还不足 1万。

相比于其他标准库的 import 数量而言，expvar 的存在感太低了。

所以问题来了，你认为是什么原因导致 expvar 库这么冷门呢？欢迎留言讨论。