咱们用的os模块，读取文件的时候，其实他是含有enter exit 。 一个是with触发的时候，一个是退出的时候。
with file('nima,'r') as f:
print f.readline()
那咱们自己再实现一个标准的可以with的类。 我个人写python的时候，喜欢针对一些需要有关闭逻辑的代码，构造成with的模式 。
#encoding:utf-8
class echo:
def __enter__(self):
print 'enter'
def __exit__(self,*args):
print 'exit'
with echo() as e:
print 'nima'
contextlib是个比with优美的东西，也是提供上下文机制的模块，它是通过Generator装饰器实现的，不再是采用enter和exit。contextlib中的contextmanager作为装饰器来提供一种针对函数级别的上下文管理机制。
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def make_context() :
print 'enter'
try :
yield {}
except RuntimeError, err :
print 'error' , err
finally :
print 'exit'
with make_context() as value :
print value
我这里再贴下我上次写的redis分布式锁代码中有关于contextlib的用法。其实乍一看，用了with和contextlib麻烦了，但是最少让你的主体代码更加鲜明了。
from contextlib import contextmanager
from random import random
DEFAULT_EXPIRES = 15
DEFAULT_RETRIES = 5
@contextmanager
def dist_lock(key, client):
key = 'lock_%s' % key
try:
_acquire_lock(key, client)
yield
finally:
_release_lock(key, client)
def _acquire_lock(key, client):
for i in xrange(0, DEFAULT_RETRIES):
get_stored = client.get(key)
if get_stored:
sleep_time = (((i+1)*random()) + 2**i) / 2.5
print 'Sleeipng for %s' % (sleep_time)
time.sleep(sleep_time)
else:
stored = client.set(key, 1)
client.expire(key,DEFAULT_EXPIRES)
return
raise Exception('Could not acquire lock for %s' % key)
def _release_lock(key, client):
client.delete(key)
Context Manager API
一个上下文管理器通过with声明激活, 而且API包含两个方法。enter()方法运行执行流进入到with代码块内。他返回一个对象共上下文使用。当执行流离开with块时，exit()方法上下文管理器清除任何资源被使用。
class Context(object):
def __init__(self):
print '__init__()'
def __enter__(self):
print '__enter__()'
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print '__exit__()'
with Context():
print 'Doing work in the context.'
打印结果
__init__()
__enter__()
Doing work in the context.
__exit__()
执行上下文管理器时会调用enter离开时调用exit。
enter能返回任意对象，联合一个指定名字于with声明。
class WithinContext(object):
def __init__(self, context):
print 'WithinContext.__init__(%s)' % context
def do_something(self):
print 'WithinContext.do_something()'
def __del__(self):
print 'WithinContext.__del__'
class Context(object):
def __init__(self):
print '__init__()'
def __enter__(self):
print '__enter__()'
return WithinContext(self)
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print '__exit__()'
with Context() as c:
c.do_something()
打印结果
__init__()
__enter__()
WithinContext.__init__(<__main__.Context object at 0x7f579d8e4890>)
WithinContext.do_something()
__exit__()
WithinContext.__del__
如果上下文管理器能处理异常,exit()应该返回一个True值表明这个异常不需要传播,返回False异常会在执行exit之后被引起。
class Context(object):
def __init__(self, handle_error):
print '__init__(%s)' % handle_error
self.handle_error = handle_error
def __enter__(self):
print '__enter__()'
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print '__exit__(%s, %s, %s)' % (exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
return self.handle_error
with Context(True):
raise RuntimeError('error message handled')
print
with Context(False):
raise RuntimeError('error message propagated')
打印结果
__init__(True)
__enter__()
__exit__(<type 'exceptions.RuntimeError'>, error message handled, <traceback object at 0x7fdfb32f8b00>)
__init__(False)
__enter__()
__exit__(<type 'exceptions.RuntimeError'>, error message propagated, <traceback object at 0x7fdfb32f8b90>)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 23, in <module>
raise RuntimeError('error message propagated')
RuntimeError: error message propagated
从生成器到上下文管理器
创建上下文管理的传统方法,通过编写一个类与enter()和exit()方法,并不困难。但有时比你需要的开销只是管理一个微不足道的上下文。在这类情况下,您可以使用contextmanager() decorat or 生成器函数转换成一个上下文管理器。
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def make_context():
print ' entering'
try:
yield {}
except RuntimeError, err:
print ' Error:', err
finally:
print ' exiting'
print 'Normal:'
with make_context() as value:
print ' inside with statement:', value
print
print 'handled ereor:'
with make_context() as value:
raise RuntimeError('show example of handling an error')
print
print 'unhandled error:'
with make_context() as value:
raise ValueError('this exception is not handled')
打印结果
Normal:
entering
inside with statement: {}
exiting
handled ereor:
entering
Error: show example of handling an error
exiting
unhandled error:
entering
exiting
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 30, in <module>
raise ValueError('this exception is not handled')
ValueError: this exception is not handled
嵌套上下文
使用nested()可以同时管理多个上下文。
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def make_context(name):
print 'entering:', name
yield name
print 'exiting:', name
with contextlib.nested(make_context('A'), make_context('B'), make_context('C')) as (A, B, C):
print 'inside with statement:', A, B, C
打印结果
entering: A
entering: B
entering: C
inside with statement: A B C
exiting: C
exiting: B
exiting: A
因为Python 2.7和以后的版本不赞成使用nested(),因为可以直接嵌套
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def make_context(name):
print 'entering:', name
yield name
print 'exiting:', name
with make_context('A') as A, make_context('B') as B, make_context('C') as C:
print 'inside with statement:', A, B, C
关闭open的句柄
文件类支持上下文管理器, 但是有一些对象不支持。还有一些类使用close()方法但是不支持上下文管理器。我们使用closing()来为他创建一个上下文管理器。(类必须有close方法)
import contextlib
class Door(object):
def __init__(self):
print ' __init__()'
def close(self):
print ' close()'
print 'Normal Example:'
with contextlib.closing(Door()) as door:
print ' inside with statement'
print
print 'Error handling example:'
try:
with contextlib.closing(Door()) as door:
print ' raising from inside with statement'
raise RuntimeError('error message')
except Exception, err:
print ' Had an error:', err
打印结果
Normal Example:
__init__()
inside with statement
close()
Error handling example:
__init__()
raising from inside with statement
close()
Had an error: error message
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