Python中实现参数类型检查的简单方法

924次阅读  |  发布于5年以前

Python是一门弱类型语言,很多从C/C++转过来的朋友起初不是很适应。比如,在声明一个函数时,不能指定参数的类型。用C做类比,那就是所有参数都是void*类型!void类型强制转换在C++中被广泛地认为是个坏习惯,不到万不得已是不会使用的。

Python自然没有类型强制转换一说了,因为它是动态语言。首先,所有对象都从Object继承而来,其次,它有强大的内省,如果调用某个不存在的方法会有异常抛出。大多数情况,我们都不需要做参数类型栓查,除了一些特殊情况。例如,某个函数接受一个str类型,结果在实际调用时传入的是unicode,测试过程中又没有代码覆盖到,这样问题就比较严重了。解决方法也很简单,借助Python的内省,很容易就能判断出参数的类型。但是每个地方都写检查代码会很累赘,何况它带来的实际价值并不高。一个好的解决方法是使用装饰器。


    '''
     >>> NONE, MEDIUM, STRONG = 0, 1, 2
     >>>
     >>> @accepts(int, int, int)
     ... def average(x, y, z):
     ...   return (x + y + z) / 2
     ...
     >>> average(5.5, 10, 15.0)
     TypeWarning: 'average' method accepts (int, int, int), but was given
     (float, int, float)
     15.25
    '''
    def accepts(*types, **kw):
      """ Function decorator. Checks that inputs given to decorated function
      are of the expected type.

      Parameters:
      types -- The expected types of the inputs to the decorated function.
           Must specify type for each parameter.
      kw  -- Optional specification of 'debug' level (this is the only valid
           keyword argument, no other should be given).
           debug = ( 0 | 1 | 2 )

      """
      if not kw:
        # default level: MEDIUM
        debug = 1
      else:
        debug = kw['debug']
      try:
        def decorator(f):
          def newf(*args):
            if debug == 0:
              return f(*args)
            assert len(args) == len(types)
            argtypes = tuple(map(type, args))
            if argtypes != types:
              msg = info(f.__name__, types, argtypes, 0)
              if debug == 1:
                print >> sys.stderr, 'TypeWarning: ', msg
              elif debug == 2:
                raise TypeError, msg
            return f(*args)
          newf.__name__ = f.__name__
          return newf
        return decorator
      except KeyError, key:
        raise KeyError, key + "is not a valid keyword argument"
      except TypeError, msg:
        raise TypeError, msg

    def info(fname, expected, actual, flag):
      """ Convenience function returns nicely formatted error/warning msg. """
      format = lambda types: ', '.join([str(t).split("'")[1] for t in types])
      expected, actual = format(expected), format(actual)
      msg = "'%s' method " % fname \
         + ("accepts", "returns")[flag] + " (%s), but " % expected\
         + ("was given", "result is")[flag] + " (%s)" % actual
      return msg

本质上讲,这也是一种运行时检查,但效果已经不错了。
更多有趣的装饰器的使用,可以参考这篇文章http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary

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