早就听说requests的库的强大,只是还没有接触,今天接触了一下,发现以前使用urllib,urllib2等方法真是太搓了……
这里写些简单的使用初步作为一个记录
一、下载
官方项目页: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests/#downloads
可以从上面直接下载。
二、发送无参数的get请求
>>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
>>> print r.text
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7",
"X-Request-Id": "8a28bbea-55cd-460b-bda3-f3427d66b700"
},
"origin": "124.192.129.84",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
三、发送带参数的get请求,将key与value放入一个字典中,通过params参数来传递,其作用相当于urllib.urlencode
>>> import requests
>>> pqyload = {'q':'杨彦星'}
>>> r = requests.get('http://www.so.com/s',params = pqyload)
>>> r.url
u'http://www.so.com/s?q=%E6%9D%A8%E5%BD%A6%E6%98%9F'
四、发送post请求,通过data参数来传递,
>>> payload = {'a':'杨','b':'hello'}
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
>>> print r.text
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"a": "\u6768",
"b": "hello"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "19",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7",
"X-Request-Id": "c81cb937-04b8-4a2d-ba32-04b5c0b3ba98"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "124.192.129.84",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
>>>
可以看到,post参数已经传到了form里,data不光可以接受字典类型的数据,还可以接受json等格式
>>> payload = {'a':'杨','b':'hello'}
>>> import json
>>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(payload))
五、发送文件的post类型,这个相当于向网站上传一张图片,文档等操作,这时要使用files参数
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> files = {'file': open('touxiang.png', 'rb')}
>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
定制headers,使用headers参数来传递
>>> import json
>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
>>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
>>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
>>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
六、响应内容
响应状态码:
r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print r.status_code
响应头:
>>> print r.headers
{'content-length': '519', 'server': 'gunicorn/18.0', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'date': 'Sun, 15 Jun 2014 14:19:52 GMT', 'access-control-allow-origin': '*', 'content-type': 'application/json'}
也可以取到这个个别的响应头用来做一些判断,这里的参数是不区分大小写的
r.headers['Content-Type']
r.headers.get('Content-Type')
响应内容,前面已经在应用了:
r.text
r.content
七、获取响应中的cookies
>>> r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
>>> r.cookies['BAIDUID']
'D5810267346AEFB0F25CB0D6D0E043E6:FG=1'
也可以自已定义请求的COOKIES
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
>>> cookies = {'cookies_are':'working'}
>>> r = requests.get(url,cookies = cookies)
>>>
>>> print r.text
{
"cookies": {
"cookies_are": "working"
}
}
>>>
cookies还有很多,因为目前我也还不是很多,以后再扩充吧
八、使用timeout参数设置超时时间
>>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=1)
<Response [200]>
如果将时间设置成非常小的数,如
requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)
,那么如果在timeout的时间内没有连接,那么将会抛出一个Timeout的异常
九、访问中使用session
先初始化一个session对象,
s = requests.Session()
然后使用这个session对象来进行访问,r = s.post(url,data = user)
以下通过访问人人网来获取首页中的最近来访问,然后再访问查看更多的来访来读取更多的最近来访
更多的来访就是以带session的访问http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do
#coding:utf-8
import requests
import re
url = r'http://www.renren.com/ajaxLogin'
user = {'email':'email','password':'pass'}
s = requests.Session()
r = s.post(url,data = user)
html = r.text
visit = []
first = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip first-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
second = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
third = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip last-second-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
last = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip last-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
visit.extend(first.findall(html))
visit.extend(second.findall(html))
visit.extend(third.findall(html))
visit.extend(last.findall(html))
for i in visit:
print i
print '以下是更多的最近来访'
vm = s.get('http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do')
fm = re.compile(r'"name":"(.*?)"')
visitmore = fm.findall(vm.text)
for i in visitmore:
print i
十、requests-cookies
Cookies就像字典一样储存了各个项的值并保存起来, 例如我们的用户名, 密码, 登录信息等都可以保存起来. 当网页再次被加载时可以从cookies中找到相关的信息并从而免除再次输入赋值的过程.
在requests中使用get等请求时同样可以赋予cookies信息. 例如我们从浏览器中获取某次网页加载时请求的cookies, 可以同样赋予requests再次使用.
requests请求时加入cookies={key:value}参数即可传递cookies.
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
r.text
#'{"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}}'
查询某次请求的cookies很简单, 就像获得headers一样使用cookies属性即可:
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name']
# 'example_cookie_value'
以下函数可以分解浏览器获得的cookies字符串到一个字典,从而帮助我们模拟requests请求.
def browsercookiesdict(s):
'''Covert cookies string from browser to a dict'''
ss=s.split(';')
outdict={}
for item in ss:
i1=item.split('=',1)[0].strip()
i2=item.split('=',1)[1].strip()
outdict[i1]=i2
return outdict
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