编写Python的web框架中的Model的教程

580次阅读  |  发布于5年以前

有了ORM,我们就可以把Web App需要的3个表用Model表示出来:


    import time, uuid

    from transwarp.db import next_id
    from transwarp.orm import Model, StringField, BooleanField, FloatField, TextField

    class User(Model):
      __table__ = 'users'

      id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')
      email = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
      password = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
      admin = BooleanField()
      name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
      image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')
      created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

    class Blog(Model):
      __table__ = 'blogs'

      id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')
      user_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
      user_name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
      user_image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')
      name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
      summary = StringField(ddl='varchar(200)')
      content = TextField()
      created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

    class Comment(Model):
      __table__ = 'comments'

      id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')
      blog_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
      user_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')
      user_name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')
      user_image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')
      content = TextField()
      created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

在编写ORM时,给一个Field增加一个default参数可以让ORM自己填入缺省值,非常方便。并且,缺省值可以作为函数对象传入,在调用insert()时自动计算。

例如,主键id的缺省值是函数next_id,创建时间created_at的缺省值是函数time.time,可以自动设置当前日期和时间。

日期和时间用float类型存储在数据库中,而不是datetime类型,这么做的好处是不必关心数据库的时区以及时区转换问题,排序非常简单,显示的时候,只需要做一个float到str的转换,也非常容易。
初始化数据库表

如果表的数量很少,可以手写创建表的SQL脚本:


    -- schema.sql

    drop database if exists awesome;

    create database awesome;

    use awesome;

    grant select, insert, update, delete on awesome.* to 'www-data'@'localhost' identified by 'www-data';

    create table users (
      `id` varchar(50) not null,
      `email` varchar(50) not null,
      `password` varchar(50) not null,
      `admin` bool not null,
      `name` varchar(50) not null,
      `image` varchar(500) not null,
      `created_at` real not null,
      unique key `idx_email` (`email`),
      key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
      primary key (`id`)
    ) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

    create table blogs (
      `id` varchar(50) not null,
      `user_id` varchar(50) not null,
      `user_name` varchar(50) not null,
      `user_image` varchar(500) not null,
      `name` varchar(50) not null,
      `summary` varchar(200) not null,
      `content` mediumtext not null,
      `created_at` real not null,
      key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
      primary key (`id`)
    ) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

    create table comments (
      `id` varchar(50) not null,
      `blog_id` varchar(50) not null,
      `user_id` varchar(50) not null,
      `user_name` varchar(50) not null,
      `user_image` varchar(500) not null,
      `content` mediumtext not null,
      `created_at` real not null,
      key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),
      primary key (`id`)
    ) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

如果表的数量很多,可以从Model对象直接通过脚本自动生成SQL脚本,使用更简单。

把SQL脚本放到MySQL命令行里执行:


    $ mysql -u root -p < schema.sql

我们就完成了数据库表的初始化。
编写数据访问代码

接下来,就可以真正开始编写代码操作对象了。比如,对于User对象,我们就可以做如下操作:


    # test_db.py

    from models import User, Blog, Comment

    from transwarp import db

    db.create_engine(user='www-data', password='www-data', database='awesome')

    u = User(name='Test', email='test@example.com', password='1234567890', image='about:blank')

    u.insert()

    print 'new user id:', u.id

    u1 = User.find_first('where email=?', 'test@example.com')
    print 'find user\'s name:', u1.name

    u1.delete()

    u2 = User.find_first('where email=?', 'test@example.com')
    print 'find user:', u2

可以在MySQL客户端命令行查询,看看数据是不是正常存储到MySQL里面了。

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