举例讲解Python设计模式编程中对抽象工厂模式的运用

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抽象工厂模式:提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口,而无需指定它们具体的类。
优点:易于交换"产品系列",只要更改相应的工厂即可。
缺点:建立产品的时候很繁琐,需要增加和修改很多东西。

优化1:为了避免客户端有过多的逻辑判断,可以封装出一个简单工厂类来生成产品类。
优化2:为了减少简单工厂类里面的逻辑判断,可以采用"反射"机制,直接根据外部的配置文件读取出需要使用产品类的信息。


    #encoding=utf-8 
    # 
    #by panda 
    #抽象工厂模式 

    def printInfo(info): 
      print unicode(info, 'utf-8').encode('gbk') 

    #抽象产品A:user表 
    class IUser(): 
      def Insert(self): 
        pass 
      def GetUser(self): 
        pass 

    #sqlserver实现的User 
    class SqlserverUser(IUser): 
      def Insert(self): 
        printInfo("在SQL Server中给User表增加一条记录") 
      def GetUser(self): 
        printInfo("在SQL Server中得到User表的一条记录") 

    #Access实现的User 
    class AccessUser(IUser): 
      def Insert(self): 
        printInfo("在Access中给User表增加一条记录") 
      def GetUser(self): 
        printInfo("在Access中得到User表一条记录") 


    #抽象产品B:部门表 
    class IDepartment(): 
      def Insert(self): 
        pass 
      def GetUser(self): 
        pass 

    #sqlserver实现的Department 
    class SqlserverDepartment(IUser): 
      def Insert(self): 
        printInfo("在SQL Server中给Department表增加一条记录") 
      def GetUser(self): 
        printInfo("在SQL Server中得到Department表的一条记录") 

    #Access实现的Department 
    class AccessDepartment(IUser): 
      def Insert(self): 
        printInfo("在Access中给Department表增加一条记录") 
      def GetUser(self): 
        printInfo("在Access中得到Department表一条记录") 


    #抽象工厂 
    class IFactory(): 
      def CreateUser(self): 
        pass 
      def CreateDepartment(self): 
        pass   

    #sql server工厂 
    class SqlServerFactory(IFactory): 
      def CreateUser(self): 
        return SqlserverUser() 
      def CreateDepartment(self): 
        return SqlserverDepartment() 

    #access工厂 
    class AccessFactory(IFactory): 
      def CreateUser(self): 
        return AccessUser() 
      def CreateDepartment(self): 
        return AccessDepartment() 

    #优化一:采用一个简单工厂类,封装逻辑判断操作 
    class DataAccess(): 
    #  db = "Sqlserver" 
      db = "Access" 
      @staticmethod 
      def CreateUser(): 
        if (DataAccess.db == "Sqlserver"): 
          return SqlserverUser() 
        elif(DataAccess.db == "Access"): 
          return AccessUser() 
      @staticmethod 
      def CreateDepartment(): 
        if (DataAccess.db == "Sqlserver"): 
          return SqlserverDepartment() 
        elif(DataAccess.db == "Access"): 
          return AccessDepartment() 

    #优化二:采用反射机制,避免使用太多判断 
    ##以下信息可以从配置文件中获取 
    DBType = 'Sqlserver' #'Access' 
    DBTab_User = 'User' 
    DBTab_Department = 'Department' 

    class DataAccessPro(): 
    #  db = "Sqlserver" 
      db = "Access" 
      @staticmethod 
      def CreateUser(): 
        funName = DBType + DBTab_User 
        return eval(funName)() #eval 将其中的字符串转化为python表达式 
      @staticmethod 
      def CreateDepartment(): 
        funName = DBType + DBTab_Department 
        return eval(funName)() 

    def clientUI(): 
      printInfo("\n--------抽象工厂方法--------") 
      factory = SqlServerFactory() 
      iu = factory.CreateUser() 
      iu.Insert() 
      iu.GetUser() 
      id = factory.CreateDepartment() 
      id.Insert() 
      id.GetUser() 

      printInfo("\n--抽象工厂方法+简单工厂方法--") 
      iu = DataAccess.CreateUser() 
      iu.Insert() 
      iu.GetUser() 
      id = DataAccess.CreateDepartment() 
      id.Insert() 
      id.GetUser() 

      printInfo("\n-抽象工厂方法+简单工厂方法+反射-") 
      iu = DataAccessPro.CreateUser() 
      iu.Insert() 
      iu.GetUser() 
      id = DataAccessPro.CreateDepartment() 
      id.Insert() 
      id.GetUser()   
      return 


    if __name__ == '__main__': 
      clientUI(); 

类图:

201632103800675.gif \(738×360\)

工厂模式和抽象工厂模式的区别:工厂模式是在派生类中定义一个工厂的抽象接口,然后基类负责创建具体对象;抽象工厂模式是维护一个产品家族,由基类定义产品被生产的方法,客户根据派生类的接口进行开发。

实例:人民群众喜闻乐见的披萨店例子这里又可以搬出来了,这次我们根据抽象工厂模式的特点,用不同原材料制作不同口味的披萨,创建不同原材料的工厂,不同实体店做出口味不同的披萨。创建一个产品家族(Dough、Sauce、Cheese和Clam)的抽象类型(PizzaIngredientFactory),这个类型的子类(NYPizzaIngredientFactory和ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory)定义了产品被产生的方法。
代码:


    #!/usr/bin/python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import sys
    reload(sys)
    sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')

    '''
    披萨
    '''
    class Pizza:
      name = ""
      dough = None
      sauce = None
      cheese = None
      clam = None

      def prepare(self):
        pass

      def bake(self):
        print "烘烤25分钟在350。".decode('utf-8')

      def cut(self):
        print "切割成对角线切片。".decode('utf-8')

      def box(self):
        print "放在官方的盒子中。".decode('utf-8')

      def get_name(self):
        return self.name

      def set_name(self, name):
        self.name = name

      def to_string(self):
        string = "%s:\n" % self.name
        string += "  面团: %s\n" % self.dough.to_string() if self.dough else ""
        string += "  酱汁: %s\n" % self.sauce.to_string() if self.sauce else ""
        string += "  奶酪: %s\n" % self.cheese.to_string() if self.cheese else ""
        string += "  文蛤: %s\n" % self.clam.to_string() if self.clam else ""
        return string

    '''
    什么类别的披萨
    '''
    class CheesePizza(Pizza):
      def __init__(self, ingredient_factory):
        self.ingredient_factory = ingredient_factory

      def prepare(self):
        print "准备: %s" % self.name
        self.dough = self.ingredient_factory.create_dough()
        self.sauce = self.ingredient_factory.create_sauce()
        self.cheese = self.ingredient_factory.create_cheese()


    class ClamPizza(Pizza):
      def __init__(self, ingredient_factory):
        self.ingredient_factory = ingredient_factory

      def prepare(self):
        print "准备: %s" % self.name
        self.dough = self.ingredient_factory.create_dough()
        self.sauce = self.ingredient_factory.create_sauce()
        self.clam = self.ingredient_factory.create_clam()

    '''
    披萨店
    '''
    class PizzaStore:
      def order_pizza(self, pizza_type):
        self.pizza = self.create_pizza(pizza_type)
        self.pizza.prepare()
        self.pizza.bake()
        self.pizza.cut()
        self.pizza.box()
        return self.pizza

      def create_pizza(self, pizza_type):
        pass

    '''
    纽约披萨实体店1
    '''
    class NYPizzaStore(PizzaStore):
      def create_pizza(self, pizza_type):
        ingredient_factory = NYPizzaIngredientFactory()

        if pizza_type == "cheese":
          pizza = CheesePizza(ingredient_factory)
          pizza.set_name("纽约风格芝士披萨".decode('utf-8'))
        elif pizza_type == "clam":
          pizza = ClamPizza(ingredient_factory)
          pizza.set_name("纽约风格文蛤披萨".decode('utf-8'))
        else:
          pizza = None

        return pizza

    '''
    芝加哥披萨实体店2
    '''
    class ChicagoPizzaStore(PizzaStore):
       def create_pizza(self, pizza_type):
        ingredient_factory = ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory()

        if pizza_type == "cheese":
          pizza = CheesePizza(ingredient_factory)
          pizza.set_name("芝加哥风格芝士披萨".decode('utf-8'))
        elif pizza_type == "clam":
          pizza = ClamPizza(ingredient_factory)
          pizza.set_name("芝加哥风格文蛤披萨".decode('utf-8'))
        else:
          pizza = None

        return pizza

    '''
    生产披萨的工厂
    '''
    class PizzaIngredientFactory:
      def create_dough(self):
        pass

      def create_sauce(self):
        pass

      def create_cheese(self):
        pass

      def create_clam(self):
        pass

    '''
    生产披萨的实体工厂1
    '''
    class NYPizzaIngredientFactory(PizzaIngredientFactory):
      def create_dough(self):
        return ThinDough()

      def create_sauce(self):
        return MarinaraSauce()

      def create_cheese(self):
        return FreshCheese()

      def create_clam(self):
        return FreshClam()

    '''
    生产披萨的实体工厂2
    '''
    class ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory(PizzaIngredientFactory):
      def create_dough(self):
        return ThickDough()

      def create_sauce(self):
        return MushroomSauce()

      def create_cheese(self):
        return BlueCheese()

      def create_clam(self):
        return FrozenClam()


    class Dough:
      def to_string(self):
        pass

    class ThinDough(Dough):
      def to_string(self):
        return "薄的面团"

    class ThickDough(Dough):
      def to_string(self):
        return "厚的生面团"

    class Sauce:
      def to_string(self):
        pass

    class MarinaraSauce(Sauce):
      def to_string(self):
        return "番茄酱"

    class MushroomSauce(Sauce):
      def to_string(self):
        return "蘑菇酱"

    class Cheese:
      def to_string(self):
        pass

    class FreshCheese(Cheese):
      def to_string(self):
        return "新鲜的奶酪"

    class BlueCheese(Cheese):
      def to_string(self):
        return "蓝纹奶酪"

    class Clam:
      def to_string(self):
        pass

    class FreshClam(Clam):
      def to_string(self):
        return "新鲜的文蛤"

    class FrozenClam(Clam):
      def to_string(self):
        return "冷冻的文蛤"

    if __name__ == "__main__":
      # 创建了两个披萨实体店
      ny_store = NYPizzaStore()
      chicago_store = ChicagoPizzaStore()

      # 在第一个披萨对象中订购了一个cheese风味的披萨
      pizza = ny_store.order_pizza("cheese")
      print pizza.to_string()
      print "迈克订购了一个 %s" % pizza.get_name()
      print

      pizza = chicago_store.order_pizza("clam")
      print pizza.to_string()
      print "约翰订购了一个%s" % pizza.get_name()

结果:


    准备: 纽约风格芝士披萨
    烘烤25分钟在350。
    切割成对角线切片。
    放在官方的盒子中。
    纽约风格芝士披萨:
      面团: 薄的面团
      酱汁: 番茄酱
      奶酪: 新鲜的奶酪

    迈克订购了一个 纽约风格芝士披萨

    准备: 芝加哥风格文蛤披萨
    烘烤25分钟在350。
    切割成对角线切片。
    放在官方的盒子中。
    芝加哥风格文蛤披萨:
      面团: 厚的生面团
      酱汁: 蘑菇酱
      文蛤: 冷冻的文蛤

    约翰订购了一个芝加哥风格文蛤披萨

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