对于Python中线程问题的简单讲解

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我们将会看到一些在Python中使用线程的实例和如何避免线程之间的竞争。你应当将下边的例子运行多次,以便可以注意到线程是不可预测的和线程每次运行出的不同结果。声明:从这里开始忘掉你听到过的关于GIL的东西,因为GIL不会影响到我想要展示的东西。

示例1

我们将要请求五个不同的url:
单线程


    import time
    import urllib2

    def get_responses():
     urls = [
      'http://www.google.com',
      'http://www.amazon.com',
      'http://www.ebay.com',
      'http://www.alibaba.com',
      'http://www.reddit.com'
     ]
     start = time.time()
     for url in urls:
      print url
      resp = urllib2.urlopen(url)
      print resp.getcode()
     print "Elapsed time: %s" % (time.time()-start)

    get_responses()

输出是:


    http://www.google.com 200
    http://www.amazon.com 200
    http://www.ebay.com 200
    http://www.alibaba.com 200
    http://www.reddit.com 200
    Elapsed time: 3.0814409256

解释:

多线程


    import urllib2
    import time
    from threading import Thread

    class GetUrlThread(Thread):
     def __init__(self, url):
      self.url = url
      super(GetUrlThread, self).__init__()

     def run(self):
      resp = urllib2.urlopen(self.url)
      print self.url, resp.getcode()

    def get_responses():
     urls = [
      'http://www.google.com',
      'http://www.amazon.com',
      'http://www.ebay.com',
      'http://www.alibaba.com',
      'http://www.reddit.com'
     ]
     start = time.time()
     threads = []
     for url in urls:
      t = GetUrlThread(url)
      threads.append(t)
      t.start()
     for t in threads:
      t.join()
     print "Elapsed time: %s" % (time.time()-start)

    get_responses()

输出:


    http://www.reddit.com 200
    http://www.google.com 200
    http://www.amazon.com 200
    http://www.alibaba.com 200
    http://www.ebay.com 200
    Elapsed time: 0.689890861511

解释:

关于线程:

实例2

我们将会用一个程序演示一下多线程间的资源竞争,并修复这个问题。


    from threading import Thread

    #define a global variable
    some_var = 0

    class IncrementThread(Thread):
     def run(self):
      #we want to read a global variable
      #and then increment it
      global some_var
      read_value = some_var
      print "some_var in %s is %d" % (self.name, read_value)
      some_var = read_value + 1
      print "some_var in %s after increment is %d" % (self.name, some_var)

    def use_increment_thread():
     threads = []
     for i in range(50):
      t = IncrementThread()
      threads.append(t)
      t.start()
     for t in threads:
      t.join()
     print "After 50 modifications, some_var should have become 50"
     print "After 50 modifications, some_var is %d" % (some_var,)

    use_increment_thread()

多次运行这个程序,你会看到多种不同的结果。

解释:

为什么没有达到50?

解决资源竞争


    from threading import Lock, Thread
    lock = Lock()
    some_var = 0

    class IncrementThread(Thread):
     def run(self):
      #we want to read a global variable
      #and then increment it
      global some_var
      lock.acquire()
      read_value = some_var
      print "some_var in %s is %d" % (self.name, read_value)
      some_var = read_value + 1
      print "some_var in %s after increment is %d" % (self.name, some_var)
      lock.release()

    def use_increment_thread():
     threads = []
     for i in range(50):
      t = IncrementThread()
      threads.append(t)
      t.start()
     for t in threads:
      t.join()
     print "After 50 modifications, some_var should have become 50"
     print "After 50 modifications, some_var is %d" % (some_var,)

    use_increment_thread()

再次运行这个程序,达到了我们预期的结果。

解释:

实例3

让我们用一个例子来证明一个线程不能影响其他线程内的变量(非全局变量)。

time.sleep()可以使一个线程挂起,强制线程切换发生。


    from threading import Thread
    import time

    class CreateListThread(Thread):
     def run(self):
      self.entries = []
      for i in range(10):
       time.sleep(1)
       self.entries.append(i)
      print self.entries

    def use_create_list_thread():
     for i in range(3):
      t = CreateListThread()
      t.start()

    use_create_list_thread()

运行几次后发现并没有打印出争取的结果。当一个线程正在打印的时候,cpu切换到了另一个线程,所以产生了不正确的结果。我们需要确保print self.entries是个逻辑上的原子操作,以防打印时被其他线程打断。

我们使用了Lock(),来看下边的例子。


    from threading import Thread, Lock
    import time

    lock = Lock()

    class CreateListThread(Thread):
     def run(self):
      self.entries = []
      for i in range(10):
       time.sleep(1)
       self.entries.append(i)
      lock.acquire()
      print self.entries
      lock.release()

    def use_create_list_thread():
     for i in range(3):
      t = CreateListThread()
      t.start()


    use_create_list_thread()



这次我们看到了正确的结果。证明了一个线程不可以修改其他线程内部的变量(非全局变量)。

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