举例讲解Django中数据模型访问外键值的方法

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先设置一个关于书本(book)的数据模型:


    from django.db import models

    class Publisher(models.Model):
      name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
      address = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      city = models.CharField(max_length=60)
      state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30)
      country = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      website = models.URLField()

      def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

    class Author(models.Model):
      first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
      last_name = models.CharField(max_length=40)
      email = models.EmailField()

      def __unicode__(self):
        return u'%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)

    class Book(models.Model):
      title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
      authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
      publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher)
      publication_date = models.DateField()

      def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title

访问外键(Foreign Key)值

当你获取一个ForeignKey 字段时,你会得到相关的数据模型对象。 例如:


    >>> b = Book.objects.get(id=50)
    >>> b.publisher
    <Publisher: Apress Publishing>
    >>> b.publisher.website
    u'http://www.apress.com/'

对于用ForeignKey 来定义的关系来说,在关系的另一端也能反向的追溯回来,只不过由于不对称性的关系而稍有不同。 通过一个publisher 对象,直接获取 books ,用 publisher.book_set.all() ,如下:


    >>> p = Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress Publishing')
    >>> p.book_set.all()
    [<Book: The Django Book>, <Book: Dive Into Python>, ...]

实际上,book_set 只是一个 QuerySet,所以它可以像QuerySet一样,能实现数据过滤和分切,例如:


    >>> p = Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress Publishing')
    >>> p.book_set.filter(name__icontains='django')
    [<Book: The Django Book>, <Book: Pro Django>]

属性名称book_set是由模型名称的小写(如book)加_set组成的。

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