使用 nghttp2 调试 HTTP/2 流量

2016次阅读  |  发布于5年以前

在本站之前的文章中，我介绍过两种查看 HTTP/2 流量的方法：1）在 Chrome 地址栏输入 chrome://net- internals/#http2，使用 Chrome 自带的 HTTP/2 调试工具；2）使用 Wireshark 调试 HTTP/2 流量。

方案 1 使用方便，但受限于 Chrome 浏览器，对于 Chrome 不支持的 h2c（HTTP/2 Cleartext，没有部署 TLS 的 HTTP/2）协议无能为力。同时，这个工具显示的信息经过了解析和筛选，不够全面。而在方案 2 中，Wireshark 位于服务端和浏览器之间，充当的是中间人角色，用它查看 HTTP/2 over HTTPS 流量时，必须拥有网站私钥或者借助浏览器共享对称密钥，才能解密 TLS 流量，配置起来比较麻烦。

而本文要介绍的 nghttp2，是一个用 C 实现的 HTTP/2 库，支持 h2c。它可以做为其它软件的一部分，为其提供 HTTP/2 相关功能（例如 curl 的 HTTP/2 功能就是用的 nghttp2）。除此之外，它还提供了四个有用的 HTTP/2 工具：

本文简单介绍 nghttp、h2load 这两个工具。

编译

nghttp2 官方文档中有详细的编译依赖说明。对于我一直在用的 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 来说，安装依赖是一件再简单不过的事情：


sudo apt-get install g++ make binutils autoconf automake autotools-dev libtool
pkg-config zlib1g-dev libcunit1-dev libssl-dev libc-ares-dev libxml2-dev
libev-dev libevent-dev libjansson-dev libjemalloc-dev cython python3-dev
python-setuptools

解决依赖问题后，获取源码并编译安装即可：


# install spdylay

    git clone https://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/spdylay.git
    cd ./spdylay

    autoreconf -i
    automake
    autoconf
    ./configure

    make
    sudo make install

    cd ../

    # install nghttp2 apps
    git clone https://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/nghttp2.git
    cd ./nghttp2

    autoreconf -i
    automake
    autoconf
    ./configure --enable-app

    make
    sudo make install

一切妥当后，nghttp2 提供的几个工具就可以直接用了。

nghttp

nghttp 做为一个功能完整的 HTTP/2 客户端，非常适合用来查看和调试 HTTP/2 流量。它支持的参数很多，通过官方文档或者 nghttp -h 都能查看。最常用几个参数如下：

以下是使用 nghttp 访问 nghttp2 官网的结果。从调试信息中可以清晰看到 h2c 协商以及 Server Push 的整个过程：


nghttp -nvu http://nghttp2.org


    [  0.147] Connected
    [  0.147] HTTP Upgrade request
    GET / HTTP/1.1
    host: nghttp2.org
    connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
    upgrade: h2c
    http2-settings: AAMAAABkAAQAAP__
    accept: */*
    user-agent: nghttp2/1.9.0-DEV

    [  0.291] HTTP Upgrade response
    HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
    Connection: Upgrade
    Upgrade: h2c

    [  0.291] HTTP Upgrade success
    [  0.291] recv SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
              (niv=2)
              [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
              [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
    [  0.291] send SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
              (niv=2)
              [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
              [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
    [  0.291] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
              ; ACK
              (niv=0)
    [  0.291] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=3>
              (dep_stream_id=0, weight=201, exclusive=0)
    [  0.291] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=5>
              (dep_stream_id=0, weight=101, exclusive=0)
    [  0.291] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=7>
              (dep_stream_id=0, weight=1, exclusive=0)
    [  0.291] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=9>
              (dep_stream_id=7, weight=1, exclusive=0)
    [  0.291] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=11>
              (dep_stream_id=3, weight=1, exclusive=0)
    [  0.291] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=1>
              (dep_stream_id=11, weight=16, exclusive=0)
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) :method: GET
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) :scheme: http
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) :path: /stylesheets/screen.css
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) :authority: nghttp2.org
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) host: nghttp2.org
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) user-agent: nghttp2/1.9.0-DEV
    [  0.291] recv PUSH_PROMISE frame <length=59, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
              ; END_HEADERS
              (padlen=0, promised_stream_id=2)
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) :status: 200
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) date: Mon, 07 Mar 2016 13:02:35 GMT
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) content-type: text/html
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) content-length: 6654
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) last-modified: Mon, 29 Feb 2016 15:38:08 GMT
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) etag: "56d465e0-19fe"
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) link: </stylesheets/screen.css>; rel=preload; as=stylesheet
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) accept-ranges: bytes
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) x-backend-header-rtt: 0.00093
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) server: nghttpx nghttp2/1.9.0-DEV
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) via: 2 nghttpx
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block
    [  0.291] recv (stream_id=1) x-content-type-options: nosniff
    [  0.291] recv HEADERS frame <length=251, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
              ; END_HEADERS
              (padlen=0)
              ; First response header
    [  0.471] recv DATA frame <length=6654, flags=0x01, stream_id=1>
              ; END_STREAM
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) :status: 200
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) date: Mon, 07 Mar 2016 13:02:35 GMT
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) content-type: text/css
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) content-length: 39082
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) last-modified: Mon, 29 Feb 2016 15:38:08 GMT
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) etag: "56d465e0-98aa"
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) accept-ranges: bytes
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) x-backend-header-rtt: 0.000479
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) server: nghttpx nghttp2/1.9.0-DEV
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) via: 2 nghttpx
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) x-content-type-options: nosniff
    [  0.471] recv (stream_id=2) x-http2-push: 1
    [  0.471] recv HEADERS frame <length=61, flags=0x04, stream_id=2>
              ; END_HEADERS
              (padlen=0)
              ; First push response header
    [  0.964] recv DATA frame <length=16384, flags=0x00, stream_id=2>
    [  0.964] recv DATA frame <length=16384, flags=0x00, stream_id=2>
    [  0.964] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame <length=4, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
              (window_size_increment=37620)
    [  0.964] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame <length=4, flags=0x00, stream_id=2>
              (window_size_increment=32768)
    [  1.538] recv DATA frame <length=6314, flags=0x01, stream_id=2>
              ; END_STREAM
    [  1.538] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
              ; ACK
              (niv=0)
    [  1.538] send GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
              (last_stream_id=2, error_code=NO_ERROR(0x00), opaque_data(0)=[])

h2load

h2load 是一个支持 HTTP/2 的压测工具，可以用来测试 HTTP/2 服务的稳定性、QPS 等信息。它支持的参数也可以通过官网文档或者 h2load -h 来查看。下面是一个简单例子：


h2load https://example.com -n 100 -c 10


    starting benchmark...
    spawning thread #0: 10 total client(s). 100 total requests
    TLS Protocol: TLSv1.2
    Cipher: ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    Application protocol: h2
    progress: 10% done
    progress: 20% done
    progress: 30% done
    progress: 40% done
    progress: 50% done
    progress: 60% done
    progress: 70% done
    progress: 80% done
    progress: 90% done
    progress: 100% done

    finished in 589.98ms, 169.50 req/s, 2.19MB/s
    requests: 100 total, 100 started, 100 done, 100 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 errored, 0 timeout
    status codes: 100 2xx, 0 3xx, 0 4xx, 0 5xx
    traffic: 1.29MB (1353790) total, 53.42KB (54700) headers (space savings 24.97%), 1.24MB (1295000) data
                         min         max         mean         sd        +/- sd
    time for request:    17.63ms     73.47ms     32.06ms     10.24ms    78.00%
    time for connect:    81.84ms    168.23ms    119.76ms     26.44ms    60.00%
    time to 1st byte:   119.09ms    201.01ms    158.06ms     23.86ms    70.00%
    req/s           :      17.00       28.63       23.12        3.20    60.00%

本文先介绍这么多，有关 nghttp2 的更多使用心得以后结合实际案例再写。

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