operator模块是python中内置的操作符函数接口,它定义了一些算术和比较内置操作的函数。operator模块是用c实现的,所以执行速度比python代码快。
逻辑操作
from operator import *
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
print 'a =', a
print 'b =', b
print
print 'not_(a) :', not_(a)
print 'truth(a) :', truth(a)
print 'is_(a, b) :', is_(a, b)
print 'is_not(a, b) :', is_not(a, b)
打印结果:
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1, 2, 3]
not_(a) : False
truth(a) : True
is_(a, b) : True
is_not(a, b): False
可以通过结果知道,operator的一些操作函数与原本的运算是相同的。
比较操作符
operator提供丰富的比较操作。
a = 3
b = 5
print 'a =', a
print 'b =', b
print
for func in (lt, le, eq, ne, ge, gt):
print '{0}(a, b):'.format(func.__name__), func(a, b)
打印结果
a = 3
b = 5
lt(a, b): True
le(a, b): True
eq(a, b): False
ne(a, b): True
ge(a, b): False
gt(a, b): False
这些函数等价于<、<=、==、>=和>的表达式语法。
算术操作符
处理数字的算术操作符也得到支持。
a, b, c, d = -1, 2, -3, 4
print 'a =', a
print 'b =', b
print 'c =', c
print 'd =', d
print '\nPositive/Negative:'
print 'abs(a):', abs(a)
print 'neg(a):', neg(a)
print 'neg(b):', neg(b)
print 'pos(a):', pos(a)
print 'pos(b):', pos(b)
打印结果
a = -1
b = 2
c = -3
d = 4
Positive/Negative:
abs(a): 1
neg(a): 1
neg(b): -2
pos(a): -1
pos(b): 2
abs返回值得绝对值,neg返回(-obj), pos返回(+obj)。
a = -2
b = 5.0
print 'a =', a
print 'b =', b
print '\nArithmetic'
print 'add(a, b) :', add(a, b)
print 'div(a, b) :', div(a, b)
print 'floordiv(a, b) :', floordiv(a, b)
print 'mod(a, b) :', mod(a, b)
print 'mul(a, b) :', mul(a, b)
print 'pow(a, b) :', pow(a, b)
print 'sub(a, b) :', sub(a, b)
print 'truediv(a, b) :', truediv(a, b)
打印结果
a = -2
b = 5.0
Arithmetic
add(a, b) : 3.0
div(a, b) : -0.4
floordiv(a, b) : -1.0
mod(a, b) : 3.0 # 查看负数取模
mul(a, b) : -10.0
pow(a, b) : -32.0
sub(a, b) : -7.0
truediv(a, b) : -0.4
mod表示取模, mul 表示相乘,pow是次方, sub表示相减
a = 2
b = 6
print 'a =', a
print 'b =', b
print '\nBitwise:'
print 'and_(a, b) :', and_(a, b)
print 'invert(a) :', invert(a)
print 'lshift(a, b) :', lshift(a, b)
print 'or_(a, b) :', or_(a, b)
print 'rshift(a, b) :', rshift(a, b)
print 'xor(a, b) :', xor(a, b)
打印结果
a = 2
b = 6
Bitwise:
and_(a, b) : 2
invert(a) : -3
lshift(a, b) : 128
or_(a, b) : 6
rshift(a, b) : 0
xor(a, b) : 4
and 表示按位与, invert 表示取反操作, lshift表示左位移, or表示按位或, rshift表示右位移,xor表示按位异或。
原地操作符
即in-place操作, x += y 等同于 x = iadd(x, y), 如果复制给其他变量比如z = iadd(x, y)等同与z = x; z += y。
a = 3
b = 4
c = [1, 2]
d = ['a', 'b']
print 'a =', a
print 'b =', b
print 'c =', c
print 'd =', d
print
a = iadd(a, b)
print 'a = iadd(a, b) =>', a
print
c = iconcat(c, d)
print 'c = iconcat(c, d) =>', c
属性和元素的获取方法
operator模块最特别的特性之一就是获取方法的概念,获取方法是运行时构造的一些可回调对象,用来获取对象的属性或序列的内容,获取方法在处理迭代器或生成器序列的时候特别有用,它们引入的开销会大大降低lambda或Python函数的开销。
from operator import *
class MyObj(object):
def __init__(self, arg):
super(MyObj, self).__init__()
self.arg = arg
def __repr__(self):
return 'MyObj(%s)' % self.arg
objs = [MyObj(i) for i in xrange(5)]
print "Object:", objs
g = attrgetter("arg")
vals = [g(i) for i in objs]
print "arg values:", vals
objs.reverse()
print "reversed:", objs
print "sorted:", sorted(objs, key=g)
结果:
Object: [MyObj(0), MyObj(1), MyObj(2), MyObj(3), MyObj(4)]
arg values: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
reversed: [MyObj(4), MyObj(3), MyObj(2), MyObj(1), MyObj(0)]
sorted: [MyObj(0), MyObj(1), MyObj(2), MyObj(3), MyObj(4)]
属性获取方法类似于
lambda x, n='attrname':getattr(x,nz)
元素获取方法类似于
lambda x,y=5:x[y]
from operator import *
l = [dict(val=-1*i) for i in xrange(4)]
print "dictionaries:", l
g = itemgetter("val")
vals = [g(i) for i in l]
print "values: ", vals
print "sorted:", sorted(l, key=g)
l = [(i,i*-2) for i in xrange(4)]
print "tuples: ", l
g = itemgetter(1)
vals = [g(i) for i in l]
print "values:", vals
print "sorted:", sorted(l, key=g)
结果如下:
dictionaries: [{'val': 0}, {'val': -1}, {'val': -2}, {'val': -3}]
values: [0, -1, -2, -3]
sorted: [{'val': -3}, {'val': -2}, {'val': -1}, {'val': 0}]
tuples: [(0, 0), (1, -2), (2, -4), (3, -6)]
values: [0, -2, -4, -6]
sorted: [(3, -6), (2, -4), (1, -2), (0, 0)]
除了序列之外,元素获取方法还适用于映射。
结合操作符和定制类
operator模块中的函数通过相应操作的标准Python接口完成工作,所以它们不仅适用于内置类型,还适用于用户自定义类型。
from operator import *
class MyObj(object):
def __init__(self, val):
super(MyObj, self).__init__()
self.val = val
return
def __str__(self):
return "MyObj(%s)" % self.val
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.val < other.val
def __add__(self, other):
return MyObj(self.val + other.val)
a = MyObj(1)
b = MyObj(2)
print lt(a, b)
print add(a,b)
结果如下所示:
True
MyObj(3)
类型检查
operator 模块还包含一些函数用来测试映射、数字和序列类型的API兼容性。
from operator import *
class NoType(object):
pass
class MultiType(object):
def __len__(self):
return 0
def __getitem__(self, name):
return "mapping"
def __int__(self):
return 0
o = NoType()
t = MultiType()
for func in [isMappingType, isNumberType, isSequenceType]:
print "%s(o):" % func.__name__, func(o)
print "%s(t):" % func.__name__, func(t)
结果如下:
isMappingType(o): False
isMappingType(t): True
isNumberType(o): False
isNumberType(t): True
isSequenceType(o): False
isSequenceType(t): True
但是这些测试并不完善,因为借口没有严格定义。
获取对象方法
使用methodcaller可以获取对象的方法。
from operator import methodcaller
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def getName(self):
return self.name
stu = Student("Jim")
func = methodcaller('getName')
print func(stu) # 输出Jim
还可以给方法传递参数:
f=methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1)
f(b) # return b.name('foo', bar=1)
methodcaller方法等价于下面这个函数:
def methodcaller(name, *args, **kwargs):
def caller(obj):
return getattr(obj, name)(*args, **kwargs)
return caller
Copyright© 2013-2020
All Rights Reserved 京ICP备2023019179号-8