前言
Exception类是常用的异常类,该类包括StandardError,StopIteration, GeneratorExit, Warning等异常类。python中的异常使用继承结构创建,可以在异常处理程序中捕获基类异常,也可以捕获各种子类异常,python中使用try...except语句捕获异常,异常子句定义在try子句后面。
Python中的异常处理
异常处理的语句结构
try:
<statements> #运行try语句块,并试图捕获异常
except <name1>:
<statements> #如果name1异常发现,那么执行该语句块。
except (name2, name3):
<statements> #如果元组内的任意异常发生,那么捕获它
except <name4> as <variable>:
<statements> #如果name4异常发生,那么进入该语句块,并把异常实例命名为variable
except:
<statements> #发生了以上所有列出的异常之外的异常
else:
<statements> #如果没有异常发生,那么执行该语句块
finally:
<statement> #无论是否有异常发生,均会执行该语句块。
说明
else和finally是可选的,可能会有0个或多个except,但是,如果出现一个else的话,必须有至少一个except。
不管你如何指定异常,异常总是通过实例对象来识别,并且大多数时候在任意给定的时刻激活。一旦异常在程序中某处由一条except子句捕获,它就死掉了,除非由另一个raise语句或错误重新引发它。
raise语句
raise语句用来手动抛出一个异常,有下面几种调用格式:
例如:
抛出带有额外信息的ValueError: raise ValueError('we can only accept positive values')
当使用from的时候,第二个表达式指定了另一个异常类或实例,它会附加到引发异常的__cause__
属性。如果引发的异常没有捕获,Python把异常也作为标准出错消息的一部分打印出来:
比如下面的代码:
try:
1/0
except Exception as E:
raise TypeError('bad input') from E
执行的结果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "hh.py", line 2, in <module>
1/0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "hh.py", line 4, in <module>
raise TypeError('bad input') from E
TypeError: bad input
assert语句
assert主要用来做断言,通常用在单元测试中较多,到时候再做介绍。
with...as语句
with语句支持更丰富的基于对象的协议,可以为代码块定义支持进入和离开动作。
with语句对应的环境管理协议要求如下:
环境管理器必须有__enter__
和__exit__
方法。
__enter__
方法会在初始化的时候运行,如果存在ass子在, __enter__
函数的返回值会赋值给as子句中的变量,否则,直接丢弃。
代码块中嵌套的代码会执行。
如果with代码块引发异常, __exit__(type,value,traceback)
方法就会被调用(带有异常细节)。这些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.如果此方法返回值为假,则异常会重新引发。否则,异常会终止。正常 情况下异常是应该被重新引发,这样的话才能传递到with语句之外。
如果with代码块没有引发异常, __exit__
方法依然会被调用,其type、value以及traceback参数都会以None传递。
下面为一个简单的自定义的上下文管理类。
class Block:
def __enter__(self):
print('entering to the block')
return self
def prt(self, args):
print('this is the block we do %s' % args)
def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
if exc_type is None:
print('exit normally without exception')
else:
print('found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s' % (exc_type, exc_value))
return False
with Block() as b:
b.prt('actual work!')
raise ValueError('wrong')
如果注销到上面的raise语句,那么会正常退出。
在没有注销掉该raise语句的情况下,运行结果如下:
entering to the block
this is the block we do actual work!
found exception: <class 'ValueError'>, and detailed info is wrong
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "hh.py", line 18, in <module>
raise ValueError('wrong')
ValueError: wrong
异常处理器
如果发生异常,那么通过调用sys.exc_info()
函数,可以返回包含3个元素的元组。 第一个元素就是引发异常类,而第二个是实际引发的实例,第三个元素traceback对象,代表异常最初发生时调用的堆栈。如果一切正常,那么会返回3个None。
Python的Builtins模块中定义的Exception
|Exception Name|Description|
|BaseException|Root class for all exceptions|
| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|
|KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|
|Exception|Root class for regular exceptions|
| StopIteration|Iteration has no further values|
| GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit|
| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|
| StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions|
| ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors|
| FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation|
| OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type|
| ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)|
| AssertionError|Failure of assert statement|
| AttributeError|No such object attribute|
| EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in|
| EnvironmentError|Base class for operating system environment errors|
| IOError|Failure of input/output operation|
| OSError|Operating system error|
| WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure|
| ImportError|Failure to import module or object|
| KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|
| LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors|
| IndexError|No such index in sequence|
| KeyError|No such key in mapping|
| MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)|
| NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)|
| UnboundLocalError|Access of an uninitialized local variable|
| ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object|
| RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution|
| NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method|
| SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax|
| IndentationError|Improper indentation|
| TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces|
| SystemError|Generic interpreter system error|
| TypeError|Invalid operation for type|
| ValueError|Invalid argument given|
| UnicodeError|Unicode-related error|
| UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding|
| UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding|
| UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation|
| Warning|Root class for all warnings|
| DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features|
| FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future|
| OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade|
| PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future|
| RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior|
| SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax|
| UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|
总结
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