Python使用Beautiful Soup包编写爬虫时的一些关键点

974次阅读  |  发布于5年以前

1.善于利用soup节点的parent属性

比如对于已经得到了如下html代码:


    <td style="padding-left:0" width="60%"><label>November</label>
    <input type="Hidden" id="cboMonth1" name="cboMonth1" value="11">
    </td><td style="padding-right:0;" width="40%">
      <label>2012</label>
      <input type="Hidden" id="cboYear1" name="cboYear1" value="2012">
    </td>

的soup变量eachMonthHeader了。

想要提取其中的

Month的label的值:November

和Year的label的值:2012

最简单,也是最省事的办法是,直接搜两个label,然后肯定会找到这两个label,然后分别对应着Month和Year的label,然后获得对应的string即可:


    foundTwoLabel = eachMonthHeader.findAll("label");
    print "foundTwoLabel=",foundTwoLabel;
    monthLabel = foundTwoLabel[0];
    yearLabel = foundTwoLabel[1];

    monthStr = monthLabel.string;
    yearStr = yearLabel.string;

    print "monthStr=",monthStr; # monthStr= November
    print "yearStr=",yearStr; # yearStr= 2012

但是很明显,这样的逻辑性很不好,而且万一处理多个这样的soup变量,而且两者的顺便颠倒了,那么结果也就错误了。

此时,可以考虑利用soup变量的parent属性,从一个soup变量本身,获得其上一级的soup变量。
示例代码如下:


    # <td style="padding-left:0" width="60%"><label>November</label>
    # <input type="Hidden" id="cboMonth1" name="cboMonth1" value="11">
    # </td><td style="padding-right:0;" width="40%">
      # <label>2012</label>
      # <input type="Hidden" id="cboYear1" name="cboYear1" value="2012">
    # </td>
    foundCboMonth = eachMonthHeader.find("input", {"id":re.compile("cboMonth\d+")});
    #print "foundCboMonth=",foundCboMonth;
    tdMonth = foundCboMonth.parent;
    #print "tdMonth=",tdMonth;
    tdMonthLabel = tdMonth.label;
    #print "tdMonthLabel=",tdMonthLabel;
    monthStr = tdMonthLabel.string;
    print "monthStr=",monthStr;

    foundCboYear = eachMonthHeader.find("input", {"id":re.compile("cboYear\d+")});
    #print "foundCboYear=",foundCboYear;
    tdYear = foundCboYear.parent;
    #print "tdYear=",tdYear;
    tdYearLabel = tdYear.label;
    #print "tdYearLabel=",tdYearLabel;
    yearStr = tdYearLabel.string;
    print "yearStr=",yearStr;

我们再来看一个例子:


    from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup 
    doc = ['<html><head><title>Page title</title></head>',
        '<body><p id="firstpara" align="center">This is paragraph <b>one</b>.',
        '<p id="secondpara" align="blah">This is paragraph <b>two</b>.',
        '</html>']
    soup = BeautifulSoup(''.join(doc))

    print soup.prettify()
    # <html>
    # <head>
    #  <title>
    #  Page title
    #  </title>
    # </head>
    # <body>
    #  <p id="firstpara" align="center">
    #  This is paragraph
    #  <b>
    #   one
    #  </b>
    #  .
    #  </p>
    #  <p id="secondpara" align="blah">
    #  This is paragraph
    #  <b>
    #   two
    #  </b>
    #  .
    #  </p>
    # </body>
    # </html>

这个例子中, Tag的parent是 Tag. Tag 的parent是BeautifulSoup 剖析对象自己。 剖析对象的parent是None. 利用parent,你可以向前遍历剖析树。


    soup.head.parent.name
    # u'html'
    soup.head.parent.parent.__class__.__name__
    # 'BeautifulSoup'
    soup.parent == None
    # True

2.当解析非UTF-8或ASCII编码类型的HTML时,需要指定对应的字符编码

当html为ASCII或UTF-8编码时,可以不指定html字符编码,便可正确解析html为对应的soup:


    #这里respHtml是ASCII或UTF-8编码,此时可以不指定编码类型,即可正确解析出对应的soup
    soup = BeautifulSoup(respHtml);

当html为其他类型编码,比如GB2312的话,则需要指定相应的字符编码,BeautifulSoup才能正确解析出对应的soup:

比如:


    #此处respHtml是GB2312编码的,所以要指定该编码类型,BeautifulSoup才能解析出对应的soup
    htmlCharset = "GB2312";
    soup = BeautifulSoup(respHtml, fromEncoding=htmlCharset);

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