Django中的对象查询
Django框架自带了ORM,实现了一些比较强大而且方便的查询功能,这些功能和表无关。比如下面这个例子:
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
>>> Question.objects.all()
>>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)
从例子可以看出,objects.all和objects.get这些功能都不是在class Question中定义的,可能在其父类models.Model中定义,也可能不是。那么我们在web.py中如何实现这样的功能呢?(如果你选择使用SQLAlchemy就不需要自己实现了)。
实现
思路
我们注意到Question.objects.all()这样的调用是直接访问了类属性objects,并调用了objects属性的方法all()。这里objects可能是一个实例,也可能是一个类。我个人认为(我没看过Django的实现)这应该是一个实例,因为实例化的过程可以传递一些表的信息,使得类似all()这样的函数可以工作。经过分析之后,我们可以列出我们需要解决的问题:
需要实现一个模型的父类Model,实际的表可以从这个父类继承以获得自己没有定义的功能。
代码
都说不给代码就是耍流氓,我还是给吧。说明下:使用的数据库操作都是web.py的db库中的接口。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import web
import config # 自定义的配置类,可以忽略
def _connect_to_db():
return web.database(dbn="sqlite", db=config.dbname)
def init_db():
db = _connect_to_db()
for statement in config.sql_statements:
db.query(statement)
class ModelError(Exception):
"""Exception raised by all models.
Attributes:
msg: Error message.
"""
def __init__(self, msg=""):
self.msg = msg
def __str__(self):
return "ModelError: %s" % self.msg
class ModelDefaultManager(object):
"""ModelManager implements query functions against a model.
Attributes:
cls: The class to be managed.
"""
def __init__(self, cls):
self.cls = cls
self._table_name = cls.__name__.lower()
def all(self):
db = _connect_to_db()
results = db.select(self._table_name)
return [self.cls(x) for x in results]
def get(self, query_vars, where):
results = self.filter(query_vars, where, limit=1)
if len(results) > 0:
return results[0]
else:
return None
def filter(self, query_vars, where, limit=None):
db = _connect_to_db()
try:
results = db.select(self._table_name, vars=query_vars, where=where,
limit=limit)
except (Exception) as e:
raise ModelError(str(e))
return [self.cls(x) for x in results]
class ModelMetaClass(type):
def __new__(cls, classname, bases, attrs):
new_class = super(ModelMetaClass, cls).__new__(cls, classname,
bases, attrs)
objects = ModelDefaultManager(new_class)
setattr(new_class, "objects", objects)
return new_class
class Model(object):
"""Parent class of all models.
"""
__metaclass__ = ModelMetaClass
def __init__(self):
pass
def _table_name(self):
return self.__class__.__name__.lower()
def insert(self, **kargs):
db = _connect_to_db()
try:
with db.transaction():
db.insert(self._table_name(), **kargs)
except (Exception) as e:
raise ModelError(str(e))
def delete(self, where, using=None, vars=None):
db = _connect_to_db()
try:
with db.transaction():
db.delete(self._table_name(), where, vars=vars)
except (Exception) as e:
raise ModelError(str(e))
def save(self, where, vars=None, **kargs):
db = _connect_to_db()
try:
with db.transaction():
db.update(self._table_name(), where, vars, **kargs)
except (Exception) as e:
raise ModelError(str(e))
使用
首先定义表对应的类:
class Users(Model):
...
使用就和Django的方式一样:
>>> user_list = Users.objects.all()
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