1、Set基本数据类型
a、set集合,是一个无序且不重复的元素集合
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set,添加元素
This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass
def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. 清楚内容"""
pass
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝 """
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在,B中不存在
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass
def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. 从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素"""
pass
def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素,不存在不保错
"""
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集
(i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass
def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 """
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果没有交集,返回True,否则返回False"""
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列"""
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列"""
pass
def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
"""
pass
def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素,不存在保错
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 对称交集
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称交集,并更新到a中 """
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass
def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """
pass
b、数据类型模块举例
se = {11,22,33,44,55}
be = {44,55,66,77,88}
# se.add(66)
# print(se) #添加元素,不能直接打印!
#
#
#
# se.clear()
# print(se) #清除se集合里面所有的值,不能清除单个
#
#
#
# ce=be.difference(se) #se中存在,be中不存在的值,必须赋值给一个新的变量
# print(ce)
#
#
# se.difference_update(be)
# print(se) #在se中删除和be相同的值,不能赋值给一个新的变量,先输入转换,然后打印,也不能直接打印!
# se.discard(11)
# print(se) #移除指定元素,移除不存在的时候,不会报错
# se.remove(11)
# print(se) #移除指定的元素,移除不存在的会报错
# se.pop()
# print(se) #移除随机的元素
#
#
# ret=se.pop()
# print(ret) #移除元素,并且可以把移除的元素赋值给另一个变量
# ce = se.intersection(be)
# print(ce) #取出两个集合的交集(相同的元素)
# se.intersection_update(be)
# print(se) #取出两个集合的交集,并更新到se集合中
# ret = se.isdisjoint(be)
# print(ret) #判断两个集合之间又没有交集,如果有交集返回False,没有返回True
# ret=se.issubset(be)
# print(ret) #判断se是否是be集合的子序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase
# ret = se.issuperset(be)
# print(ret) #判断se是不是be集合的父序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase
# ret=se.symmetric_difference(be)
# print(ret) #对称交集,取出除了不相同的元素
# se.symmetric_difference_update(be)
# print(se) #对称交集,取出不相同的元素并更新到se集合中
# ret = se.union(be)
# print(ret) #并集,把两个元素集合并在一个新的变量中
2、深浅拷贝
a、数字和字符串
对于 数字 和 字符串 而言,赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝无意义,因为其永远指向同一个内存地址。
import copy
# ######### 数字、字符串 #########
n1 = 123
# n1 = "i am alex age 10"
print(id(n1))
# ## 赋值 ##
n2 = n1
print(id(n2))
# ## 浅拷贝 ##
n2 = copy.copy(n1)
print(id(n2))
# ## 深拷贝 ##
n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1)
print(id(n3))
b、其他基本数据类型
对于字典、元祖、列表 而言,进行赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝时,其内存地址的变化是不同的。
1、赋值
赋值,只是创建一个变量,该变量指向原来内存地址,如:
n1 = {"k1": "zhangyanlin", "k2": 123, "k3": ["Aylin", 456]}
n2 = n1
2、浅拷贝
浅拷贝,在内存中只额外创建第一层数据
import copy
n1 = {"k1": "zhangyanlin", "k2": 123, "k3": ["aylin", 456]}
n3 = copy.copy(n1)
3、深拷贝
深拷贝,在内存中将所有的数据重新创建一份(排除最后一层,即:python内部对字符串和数字的优化)
3、函数
函数式:将某功能代码封装到函数中,日后便无需重复编写,仅调用函数即可
面向对象:对函数进行分类和封装,让开发"更快更好更强...
.函数的定义主要有如下要点:
def:表示函数的关键字
函数名:函数的名称,日后根据函数名调用函数
函数体:函数中进行一系列的逻辑计算,如:发送邮件、计算出 [11,22,38,888,2]中的最大数等...
参数:为函数体提供数据
返回值:当函数执行完毕后,可以给调用者返回数据。
1、返回值
函数是一个功能块,该功能到底执行成功与否,需要通过返回值来告知调用者。
以上要点中,比较重要有参数和返回值:
def 发送短信():
发送短信的代码...
if 发送成功:
return True
else:
return False
while True:
# 每次执行发送短信函数,都会将返回值自动赋值给result
# 之后,可以根据result来写日志,或重发等操作
result = 发送短信()
if result == False:
短信发送失败...
函数的有三中不同的参数:
普通参数
def func(name):
print name
func('zhangyanlin')
默认参数
def func(name, age = 18):
print "%s:%s" %(name,age)
func('zhangyanlin', 19)
func('nick')
注:默认参数需要放在参数列表最后
动态参数
def func(*args):
print args
# 执行方式一
func(11,33,4,4454,5)
# 执行方式二
li = [11,2,2,3,3,4,54]
func(*li)
def func(**kwargs):
print args
# 执行方式一
func(name='wupeiqi',age=18)
# 执行方式二
li = {'name':'wupeiqi', age:18, 'gender':'male'}
func(**li)
def func(*args, **kwargs):
print args
print kwargs
邮件实例:
def email(p,j,k):
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.utils import formataddr
set = True
try:
msg = MIMEText('j', 'plain', 'utf-8') #j 邮件内容
msg['From'] = formataddr(["武沛齐",'wptawy@126.com'])
msg['To'] = formataddr(["走人",'424662508@qq.com'])
msg['Subject'] = "k" #k主题
server = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.126.com", 25)
server.login("wptawy@126.com", "WW.3945.59")
server.sendmail('wptawy@126.com', [p], msg.as_string())
server.quit()
except:
set = False
return True
formmail = input("请你输入收件人邮箱:")
zhuti = input("请您输入邮件主题:")
neirong = input("请您输入邮件内容:")
aa=email(formmail,neirong,zhuti)
if aa:
print("邮件发送成功!")
else:
print("邮件发送失败!")
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