删除一条记录时,删除对象需要指定主键,否则会触发 批量删除,例如:
// Email 的 ID 是 `10` db.Delete(&email) // DELETE from emails where id = 10; // 带额外条件的删除 db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Delete(&email) // DELETE from emails where id = 10 AND name = "jinzhu";
GORM 允许通过主键(可以是复合主键)和内联条件来删除对象,它可以使用数字(如以下例子。也可以使用字符串——译者注)。查看 查询-内联条件(Query Inline Conditions) 了解详情。
db.Delete(&User{}, 10) // DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 10; db.Delete(&User{}, "10") // DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 10; db.Delete(&users, []int{1,2,3}) // DELETE FROM users WHERE id IN (1,2,3);
对于删除操作,GORM 支持 BeforeDelete、AfterDelete Hook,在删除记录时会调用这些方法,查看 Hook 获取详情
BeforeDelete
AfterDelete
func (u *User) BeforeDelete(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) { if u.Role == "admin" { return errors.New("admin user not allowed to delete") } return }
如果指定的值不包括主属性,那么 GORM 会执行批量删除,它将删除所有匹配的记录
db.Where("email LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%").Delete(&Email{}) // DELETE from emails where email LIKE "%jinzhu%"; db.Delete(&Email{}, "email LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%") // DELETE from emails where email LIKE "%jinzhu%";
可以将一个主键切片传递给Delete 方法,以便更高效的删除数据量大的记录
Delete
var users = []User{{ID: 1}, {ID: 2}, {ID: 3}} db.Delete(&users) // DELETE FROM users WHERE id IN (1,2,3); db.Delete(&users, "name LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%") // DELETE FROM users WHERE name LIKE "%jinzhu%" AND id IN (1,2,3);
当你试图执行不带任何条件的批量删除时,GORM将不会运行并返回ErrMissingWhereClause 错误
ErrMissingWhereClause
如果一定要这么做,你必须添加一些条件,或者使用原生SQL,或者开启AllowGlobalUpdate 模式,如下例:
AllowGlobalUpdate
db.Delete(&User{}).Error // gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause db.Delete(&[]User{{Name: "jinzhu1"}, {Name: "jinzhu2"}}).Error // gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause db.Where("1 = 1").Delete(&User{}) // DELETE FROM `users` WHERE 1=1 db.Exec("DELETE FROM users") // DELETE FROM users db.Session(&gorm.Session{AllowGlobalUpdate: true}).Delete(&User{}) // DELETE FROM users
返回被删除的数据,仅当数据库支持回写功能时才能正常运行,如下例:
// 回写所有的列 var users []User DB.Clauses(clause.Returning{}).Where("role = ?", "admin").Delete(&users) // DELETE FROM `users` WHERE role = "admin" RETURNING * // users => []User{{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Salary: 100}, {ID: 2, Name: "jinzhu.2", Role: "admin", Salary: 1000}} // 回写指定的列 DB.Clauses(clause.Returning{Columns: []clause.Column{{Name: "name"}, {Name: "salary"}}}).Where("role = ?", "admin").Delete(&users) // DELETE FROM `users` WHERE role = "admin" RETURNING `name`, `salary` // users => []User{{ID: 0, Name: "jinzhu", Role: "", Salary: 100}, {ID: 0, Name: "jinzhu.2", Role: "", Salary: 1000}}
如果你的模型包含了 gorm.DeletedAt字段(该字段也被包含在gorm.Model中),那么该模型将会自动获得软删除的能力!
gorm.DeletedAt
gorm.Model
当调用Delete时,GORM并不会从数据库中删除该记录,而是将该记录的DeleteAt设置为当前时间,而后的一般查询方法将无法查找到此条记录。
DeleteAt
// user's ID is `111` db.Delete(&user) // UPDATE users SET deleted_at="2013-10-29 10:23" WHERE id = 111; // Batch Delete db.Where("age = ?", 20).Delete(&User{}) // UPDATE users SET deleted_at="2013-10-29 10:23" WHERE age = 20; // Soft deleted records will be ignored when querying db.Where("age = 20").Find(&user) // SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20 AND deleted_at IS NULL;
如果你并不想嵌套gorm.Model,你也可以像下方例子那样开启软删除特性:
type User struct { ID int Deleted gorm.DeletedAt Name string }
你可以使用Unscoped来查询到被软删除的记录
Unscoped
db.Unscoped().Where("age = 20").Find(&users) // SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;
你可以使用 Unscoped来永久删除匹配的记录
db.Unscoped().Delete(&order) // DELETE FROM orders WHERE id=10;
默认情况下,gorm.Model使用*time.Time作为DeletedAt 的字段类型,不过软删除插件gorm.io/plugin/soft_delete同时也提供其他的数据格式支持
*time.Time
DeletedAt
gorm.io/plugin/soft_delete
{% note warn %} 提示 当使用DeletedAt创建唯一复合索引时,你必须使用其他的数据类型,例如通过gorm.io/plugin/soft_delete插件将字段类型定义为unix时间戳等等
import "gorm.io/plugin/soft_delete" type User struct { ID uint Name string `gorm:"uniqueIndex:udx_name"` DeletedAt soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"uniqueIndex:udx_name"` }
{% endnote %}
使用unix时间戳作为删除标志
import "gorm.io/plugin/soft_delete" type User struct { ID uint Name string DeletedAt soft_delete.DeletedAt } // 查询 SELECT * FROM users WHERE deleted_at = 0; // 软删除 UPDATE users SET deleted_at = /* current unix second */ WHERE ID = 1;
你同样可以指定使用毫秒 milli或纳秒 nano作为值,如下例:
milli
nano
type User struct { ID uint Name string DeletedAt soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"softDelete:milli"` // DeletedAt soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"softDelete:nano"` } // 查询 SELECT * FROM users WHERE deleted_at = 0; // 软删除 UPDATE users SET deleted_at = /* current unix milli second or nano second */ WHERE ID = 1;
1
0
import "gorm.io/plugin/soft_delete" type User struct { ID uint Name string IsDel soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"softDelete:flag"` } // 查询 SELECT * FROM users WHERE is_del = 0; // 软删除 UPDATE users SET is_del = 1 WHERE ID = 1;
混合模式可以使用 0,1或者unix时间戳来标记数据是否被软删除,并同时可以保存被删除时间
type User struct { ID uint Name string DeletedAt time.Time IsDel soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"softDelete:flag,DeletedAtField:DeletedAt"` // use `1` `0` // IsDel soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"softDelete:,DeletedAtField:DeletedAt"` // use `unix second` // IsDel soft_delete.DeletedAt `gorm:"softDelete:nano,DeletedAtField:DeletedAt"` // use `unix nano second` } // 查询 SELECT * FROM users WHERE is_del = 0; // 软删除 UPDATE users SET is_del = 1, deleted_at = /* current unix second */ WHERE ID = 1;
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