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创建记录

user := User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()}

result := db.Create(&user) // 通过数据的指针来创建

user.ID             // 返回插入数据的主键
result.Error        // 返回 error
result.RowsAffected // 返回插入记录的条数

我们还可以使用 Create() 创建多项记录：

users := []*User{
    User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()},
    User{Name: "Jackson", Age: 19, Birthday: time.Now()},
}

result := db.Create(users) // 传递切片以插入多行数据

result.Error        // 返回 error
result.RowsAffected // 返回插入记录的条数

{% note warn %} NOTE 你无法向 'create' 传递结构体，所以你应该传入数据的指针. {% endnote %}

用指定的字段创建记录

创建记录并为指定字段赋值。

db.Select("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`age`,`created_at`) VALUES ("jinzhu", 18, "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")

创建记录并忽略传递给 'Omit' 的字段值

db.Omit("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`birthday`,`updated_at`) VALUES ("2020-01-01 00:00:00.000", "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")

批量插入

要高效地插入大量记录，请将切片传递给Create方法。 GORM will generate a single SQL statement to insert all the data and backfill primary key values, hook methods will be invoked too. 当记录可以分成多个批处理时，它将开始一个交易。

var users = []User{{Name: "jinzhu1"}, {Name: "jinzhu2"}, {Name: "jinzhu3"}}
db.Create(&users)

for _, user := range users {
  user.ID // 1,2,3
}

You can specify batch size when creating with CreateInBatches, e.g:

var users = []User{{Name: "jinzhu_1"}, ...., {Name: "jinzhu_10000"}}

// batch size 100
db.CreateInBatches(users, 100)

Batch Insert is also supported when using Upsert and Create With Associations

{% note warn %} NOTE initialize GORM with CreateBatchSize option, all INSERT will respect this option when creating record & associations {% endnote %}

db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{
  CreateBatchSize: 1000,
})

db := db.Session(&gorm.Session{CreateBatchSize: 1000})

users = [5000]User{{Name: "jinzhu", Pets: []Pet{pet1, pet2, pet3}}...}

db.Create(&users)
// INSERT INTO users xxx (5 batches)
// INSERT INTO pets xxx (15 batches)

创建钩子

GORM allows user defined hooks to be implemented for BeforeSave, BeforeCreate, AfterSave, AfterCreate. These hook method will be called when creating a record, refer Hooks for details on the lifecycle

func (u *User) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
  u.UUID = uuid.New()

    if u.Role == "admin" {
        return errors.New("invalid role")
    }
    return
}

If you want to skip Hooks methods, you can use the SkipHooks session mode, for example:

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Create(&user)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Create(&users)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).CreateInBatches(users, 100)

根据 Map 创建

GORM supports create from map[string]interface{} and []map[string]interface{}{}, e.g:

db.Model(&User{}).Create(map[string]interface{}{
  "Name": "jinzhu", "Age": 18,
})

// batch insert from `[]map[string]interface{}{}`
db.Model(&User{}).Create([]map[string]interface{}{
  {"Name": "jinzhu_1", "Age": 18},
  {"Name": "jinzhu_2", "Age": 20},
})

{% note warn %} NOTE When creating from map, hooks won't be invoked, associations won't be saved and primary key values won't be back filled {% endnote %}

使用 SQL 表达式、Context Valuer 创建记录

GORM allows insert data with SQL expression, there are two ways to achieve this goal, create from map[string]interface{} or Customized Data Types, for example:

// Create from map
db.Model(User{}).Create(map[string]interface{}{
  "Name": "jinzhu",
  "Location": clause.Expr{SQL: "ST_PointFromText(?)", Vars: []interface{}{"POINT(100 100)"}},
})
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`location`) VALUES ("jinzhu",ST_PointFromText("POINT(100 100)"));

// Create from customized data type
type Location struct {
    X, Y int
}

// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface
func (loc *Location) Scan(v interface{}) error {
  // Scan a value into struct from database driver
}

func (loc Location) GormDataType() string {
  return "geometry"
}

func (loc Location) GormValue(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) clause.Expr {
  return clause.Expr{
    SQL:  "ST_PointFromText(?)",
    Vars: []interface{}{fmt.Sprintf("POINT(%d %d)", loc.X, loc.Y)},
  }
}

type User struct {
  Name     string
  Location Location
}

db.Create(&User{
  Name:     "jinzhu",
  Location: Location{X: 100, Y: 100},
})
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`location`) VALUES ("jinzhu",ST_PointFromText("POINT(100 100)"))

高级选项

关联创建

When creating some data with associations, if its associations value is not zero-value, those associations will be upserted, and its Hooks methods will be invoked.

type CreditCard struct {
  gorm.Model
  Number   string
  UserID   uint
}

type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name       string
  CreditCard CreditCard
}

db.Create(&User{
  Name: "jinzhu",
  CreditCard: CreditCard{Number: "411111111111"}
})
// INSERT INTO `users` ...
// INSERT INTO `credit_cards` ...

You can skip saving associations with Select, Omit, for example:

db.Omit("CreditCard").Create(&user)

// skip all associations
db.Omit(clause.Associations).Create(&user)

默认值

You can define default values for fields with tag default, for example:

type User struct {
  ID   int64
  Name string `gorm:"default:galeone"`
  Age  int64  `gorm:"default:18"`
}

Then the default value will be used when inserting into the database for zero-value fields

{% note warn %} NOTE Any zero value like 0, '', false won't be saved into the database for those fields defined default value, you might want to use pointer type or Scanner/Valuer to avoid this, for example: {% endnote %}

type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name string
  Age  *int           `gorm:"default:18"`
  Active sql.NullBool `gorm:"default:true"`
}

{% note warn %} NOTE You have to setup the default tag for fields having default or virtual/generated value in database, if you want to skip a default value definition when migrating, you could use default:(-), for example: {% endnote %}

type User struct {
  ID        string `gorm:"default:uuid_generate_v3()"` // db func
  FirstName string
  LastName  string
  Age       uint8
  FullName  string `gorm:"->;type:GENERATED ALWAYS AS (concat(firstname,' ',lastname));default:(-);"`
}

When using virtual/generated value, you might need to disable its creating/updating permission, check out Field-Level Permission

Upsert 及冲突

GORM provides compatible Upsert support for different databases

import "gorm.io/gorm/clause"

// Do nothing on conflict
db.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(&user)

// Update columns to default value on `id` conflict
db.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
  Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "id"}},
  DoUpdates: clause.Assignments(map[string]interface{}{"role": "user"}),
}).Create(&users)
// MERGE INTO "users" USING *** WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT *** WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ***; SQL Server
// INSERT INTO `users` *** ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE ***; MySQL

// Use SQL expression
db.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
  Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "id"}},
  DoUpdates: clause.Assignments(map[string]interface{}{"count": gorm.Expr("GREATEST(count, VALUES(count))")}),
}).Create(&users)
// INSERT INTO `users` *** ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `count`=GREATEST(count, VALUES(count));

// Update columns to new value on `id` conflict
db.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
  Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "id"}},
  DoUpdates: clause.AssignmentColumns([]string{"name", "age"}),
}).Create(&users)
// MERGE INTO "users" USING *** WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT *** WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET "name"="excluded"."name"; SQL Server
// INSERT INTO "users" *** ON CONFLICT ("id") DO UPDATE SET "name"="excluded"."name", "age"="excluded"."age"; PostgreSQL
// INSERT INTO `users` *** ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `name`=VALUES(name),`age`=VALUES(age); MySQL

// Update all columns to new value on conflict except primary keys and those columns having default values from sql func
db.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
  UpdateAll: true,
}).Create(&users)
// INSERT INTO "users" *** ON CONFLICT ("id") DO UPDATE SET "name"="excluded"."name", "age"="excluded"."age", ...;
// INSERT INTO `users` *** ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `name`=VALUES(name),`age`=VALUES(age), ...; MySQL

Also checkout FirstOrInit, FirstOrCreate on Advanced Query

Checkout Raw SQL and SQL Builder for more details